se

se

1. (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Northern Sami.

• Wiktionary’s coverage of Northern Sami terms

From Mandarin 瑟 (sè).

• IPA^(key): /sɛ/

• Audio (US):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛ

se (plural ses)

1. (music) A type of ancient Chinese plucked zither.

• 'e's, -es, E's, ES, Es, E♭s, E♯s, e's, es, es-

se

1. cloud

• s'n (used without a following noun)
• syn (obsolete)

From Dutch zijn, z'n (“his, its”). An Afrikaans innovation is the use of se regardless of the number or gender of the possessor, which may be due to a merger with the Dutch genitive suffix -s as well as, perhaps, the adjective suffix -s, -sch.

• IPA^(key): /sə/

• Audio:

  (file)

se

1. follows a noun to indicate that this noun possesses that which follows, much like English 's

   Hierdie is my ouma se huis. — This is my grandmother’s house.

• van

se

1. first-person singular form of -e

From Proto-Albanian *tśe(i), *tśi from Proto-Indo-European *kʷe-, *kʷ(e)i- (“how, what”).^[1] Interrogative and relative pronoun, especially in connection with a preposition.

• IPA^(key): /sɛ/

se

1. that, as, than

   Më duket se ke nevojë për disa shokë të rinj. — It seems to me that you need some new friends.

   Vëllai im më tha se do të bisedojë me ty rreth librit të ri. — My brother told me that he wants to talk to you about the new book.

• si
• sa

• Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi

• 's (unstressed form)

Cognate with German sie.

se

1. she, her (accusative)
2. they, them

• de

From Proto-Mongolic *usun.

• IPA^(key): /sə/

se

1. water

• Üjiyediin Chuluu (Chaolu Wu), Introduction, Grammar, and Sample Sentences for Baoan, SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS (Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA), November 1994
• Henry G. Schwarz, The Minorities of Northern China: A Survey (1984), page 140: 'water' Daur os

se

1. that, this

   Petra eo se? — What's that?

From Latin sē.

• (Balearic, Central) IPA^(key): /sə/
• (Valencia, Alghero) IPA^(key): /se/

se (enclitic, contracted 's, proclitic es, contracted proclitic s')

1. himself, herself, itself (direct or indirect object)
2. oneself (direct or indirect object)
3. themselves (direct or indirect object)
4. each other (direct or indirect object)

• -se is the full (plena) form of the pronoun. It is normally used after verbs ending with a consonant or ⟨u⟩, or between some adverbs/pronouns and a verb. In some varieties of Catalan (Balearic/Valencian) it can also occur in sentence-initial position.
• The use of se and other direct personal pronouns can indicate the passive in Catalan.

• IPA^(key): [se]

se

1. one (number).

Central Nahuatl cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : se

se

1. one.

• ze (Sette Comuni)

From Middle High German si(e) (“they”), merged from Old High German sie m pl, sio f pl, siu n pl, from Proto-Germanic *īz m, *ijôz f, *ijō n, the nominative plural forms of *iz. Cognate with German sie, Dutch zij.

se

1. (Luserna) they

• “se” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

se

1. one.

• IPA^(key): [ˈsɛ]

• Audio:

  (file)

From Old Czech sě, from Proto-Slavic *sę, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sen, from Proto-Indo-European *swé.

se (reflexive)

1. clitic accusative of sebe:

   oneself

   myself

   yourself

   himself

   herself

   itself

   ourselves

   yourselves

   themselves

   Synonym: (stressed) sebe

se

1. alternative form of s (used before s, z, and certain consonant clusters)

• “se”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “se”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
• “se”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2026

From Latin sē.

se

1. (reflexive pronoun) oneself

From Old Danish se, from Old Norse (East) *sēa, (Old Norse (West) sjá), from Proto-Germanic *sehwaną, cognate with English see, German sehen, from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to see, notice”).

• IPA^(key): [ˈseˀ]
• Rhymes: -eːˀ

se (imperative se, infinitive at se, present tense ser, past tense så, perfect tense set)

1. to see
2. to look
3. to watch
4. (figurative) to understand
5. (reciprocal, passive voice) to see each other

reciprocal

• bese
• gense
• tilse
• seer
• sening
• påse
• velset

• “se” in Den Danske Ordbog
• “se” in Ordbog over det danske Sprog

sé

1. one

Borrowed from Italian se, influenced by French si, Spanish si and Latin sī.

• IPA^(key): /se/

• Audio 1:

  (file)

• Audio 2:

  (file)

• Audio 3:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -e
• Syllabification: se

se

1. if

• “se”, in Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto [Complete Illustrated Dictionary of Esperanto], 2020, →ISBN
• “se”, in Reta Vortaro [Online Dictionary] (in Esperanto), 1997-2026

• IPA^(key): /sé/

sé (plural sewo)

1. law

• si

From Old Galician-Portuguese se, sse, from Latin sē.

se

1. Used for passive constructions with transitive verbs and undetermined agent; one
   • 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme II, Chapter 2: Recunquista:

     Non poemos analizar con pormenoris estis siglos, pero tampoco se debi toleral que, sin fundamentus, se poña en duda algo que a Historia documentá nos lega sobre nossa terra.

     We can’t thoroughly analyse these centuries, but one mustn’t tolerate that, unfoundedly, something documented history tells us about our land be questioned [by someone].

2. Reflexive and reciprocal pronoun: oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves, yourself; each other, one another
   • 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Anexu: A Porcá:

     Cumían algu de herba por camiñus, se bañaban i os devulvían a casa por as tardis.

     They ate some pasture along the way, bathed themselves and were returned to their home in the afternoon.

• Takes the form -si when suffixed to an impersonal verb form.

• Valeš, Miroslav (2021), Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎^[2], 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN, page 255

• IPA^(key): /seː/

se n (genitive singular ses, plural se)

1. The name of the Latin script letter C/c.

se

1. whether, or.

se

1. flower
2. gills

From Proto-Finnic *se, from Proto-Uralic *śe. For plural forms, see etymology of ne. The variation in inflectional stems (se-, si-, sii-) dates back to at least Late Proto-Finnic; see the Proto-Finnic entry for more.

• IPA^(key): /ˈse/, [ˈs̠e̞]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -e
• Syllabification^(key): se
• Hyphenation^(key): se

se

1. (demonstrative) that (compare tuo, see usage notes)

   Älä koske siihen!

   Don't touch that! (something located close to the speaker)

   Sitäkö sinä sillä tarkoitit?

   That's what you meant by that?

2. (demonstrative) it

   Onko se hän, joka on ovella?

   Is it her who's at the door?

   Ota kortti ja pane se pöydälle kuvapuoli alaspäin.

   Take a card and put it on the table face down.

   Kukas se sieltä tulee?

   Who's it coming over there?

3. the one (who, what, which) (always with a relative clause)

   Se, jolla on eniten pisteitä, on voittaja.

   The one who has the most points is the winner.

   Joka kuritta kasvaa, se kunniatta kuolee.

   [The one] who grows up without discipline dies without honor.

4. (colloquial or dialectal) he, she, one, they sg (of a human being; gender-neutral)

   Synonym: hän

   Se vaan lähti.

   He just left.

se

1. that (compare tuo, see usage notes)

   Sen auton pakoputki on rikki.

   That car has a broken exhaust.

   Onko sinulla vielä sitä jäätelöä?

   Do you still have some of that ice cream?

2. (colloquial) the (as a definite article; see the usage notes below)

• Both tuo and se can be translated as "that"; see tuo for more information on the difference between the two.
• In colloquial and dialectal Finnish, se is the usual and neutral personal pronoun in the third person singular, and its standard Finnish counterpart hän is restricted to certain particular uses. Using se of a person carries no negative connotation.
• Due to the influence of Germanic languages, and nowadays especially to that of English, se may often be used as a kind of definite article in colloquial Finnish, though in standard Finnish, where word order expresses whether something is definite or indefinite, this colloquial usage is ungrammatical. (Compare the usage of yksi.)

  (standard)

  Mies tuli luokseni. ― The man came to me.

  Luokseni tuli mies. ― A man came to me.

  (colloquial)

  Se mies tuli mun luokse. ― The man came to me.

  Yks mies tuli mun luokse. ― A man came to me.

• When used independently as adverbs, the external case forms sillä, siltä and sille are generally only used in abstract or possessive meanings; for locations, the corresponding adverbs siellä, sieltä and sinne are used instead.

Irregular (singular stems: se-, si-, sii-, plural stems: ne-, nii-).

• (he or she): hän
• see (rare, dialectal (Southwestern Finnish))

• Kven: se

• Tämä, tuo vai se?. Kielikello (4/2001). An article analyzing the usage and differences between the Finnish demonstrative pronouns tämä, tuo and se. (in Finnish)
• “se”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[3] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 3 July 2023

Akin to tseh.

• IPA^(key): /ˈse(ˣ)/, [ˈs̠e̞(ʔ)]
• Rhymes: -e
• Syllabification^(key): se
• Hyphenation^(key): se

se (dialectal)

1. here you go; an encouragement to take something, usually something that is being handed over.
2. an encouragement to an animal to eat (food)

Despite being an interjection, some verb-like forms can also be found (sehkää).

• seh

• es

From Latin sī.

se (prevocalic s') (ORB, broad)

1. if

• se vos plét

• si [1] in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
• se in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

From Middle French se, from Old French se, from Latin sē. See also soi.

• IPA^(key): /sə/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio (France):

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• Audio (France (Vosges)):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ə
• Homophone: ce

se m or f (pre-vocalic s')

1. The third-person reflexive and reciprocal direct and indirect object pronoun.
   1. (to) himself
   2. (to) herself
   3. (to) oneself
   4. (to) itself
   5. (to) themselves
   6. (to) each other
2. (Louisiana) The second-person plural reflexive and reciprocal direct and indirect object pronoun.

   Je suis partie à la chasse et faut vous autres se comportes bien. ― I'm going hunting and y'all need to behave yourselves.

• Se becomes s' before a vowel or unaspirated h, and sometimes, in nonstandard writing, in other cases where the e would be silent, e.g. in lyrics.
• Se is often used with an actual subject, but it is also very often used with an abstract subject:

  Il est normal de se parler. — It is normal to talk to oneself.

• s'en aller
• se tirer

• The other reflexive and reciprocal direct and indirect object pronouns: me, m', te, t', nous, vous.
• The third-person reflexive and reciprocal disjunctive pronoun: soi.

• “se”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012

• es, ès

• IPA^(key): /se/ [s̺ɪ]
• Rhymes: -e
• Hyphenation: se

From Old Galician-Portuguese se (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), from Latin sī.

se

1. if

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

• xe

se

1. accusative/dative of si
2. The third-person reflexive pronoun.
   1. (to) himself
   2. (to) herself
   3. (to) oneself
   4. (to) itself
   5. (to) themselves
   6. (to) each other

• Seoane, Ernesto Xosé González; Granja, María Álvarez de la; Agrelo, Ana Isabel Boullón (2006–2022), “se”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval [Dictionary of dictionaries of Medieval Galician] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “se”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “se”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

se

1. husband

• segipa

From Proto-Gbe *se (“to hear”).^[1] Cognates include Fon sè (“to understand, hear, feel”), Saxwe Gbe sè (“to hear”), Aja (West Africa) sè (“to understand, hear, feel, respond”), Ewe se (“to hear”)

• IPA^(key): /sè/

sè

1. to hear, to listen
2. to understand

From French c'est (“it is”).

• IPA^(key): /se/

se

1. to be
2. that is (compare French c'est)
3. it is (compare French c'est)

• Use ye at the end of a clause.
• This word does not appear when the predicate is an adjective or prepositional phrase, except when the preposition in the prepositional phrase is pou (“for”) or tankou (“like”).

• Targète, Jean; Urciolo, Raphael (1993), Haitian Creole-English Dictionary‎^[4], Dunwoody Press, →ISBN, page 175
• [5]

• IPA^(key): [ˈʃɛ]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ʃɛ

se (clitic)

1. alternative form of sem

• se-

• (not … either, not even): se in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh: A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (’The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962.
• ([folksy, informal] alternative form of sem): se, redirecting to sem in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh: A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (’The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962.

• IPA^(key): /se/, /sɛ/

From Esperanto se.

se

1. if

   La klerko komencus laborar se ilu povus. — The clerk would begin to work if he could.

   Se me povus, me komprus altra domo. — If I could, I would buy another house.

From s +‎ -e.

se (plural se-i)

1. The name of the Latin script letter S/s.

• Latin script letter names: literi: a · be · ce · che · de · e · fe · ge · he · i · je · ke · le · me · ne · o · pe · que · re · se · she · te · u · ve · we · xe · ye · ze ^[edit]

• see (dialectal)

From Proto-Finnic *se. Cognates include Finnish se and Estonian see.

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈse/, [ˈs̠e̞]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈse/, [ˈʃe̞]
• Rhymes: -e
• Hyphenation: se
• Homophone: že

se

1. this, that (not bound to a specific location)
   • 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 63:

     Linnuille höö siihe kagraa siputtiit.

     They sprinkled oats onto it for the birds.

   • 1936, L. G. Terehova, V. G. Erdeli, translated by Mihailov and P. I. Maksimov, Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart (ensimäine osa) [Geography: textbook for Ingrian elementary school third grade (first part)], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:

     Inmihiset panniit merkille i sen, etti kaik predmetat päivääl, päivytpaiston aikanna, viskajaat kupahaiset.

     People noticed this as well, that all objects during the day, being a sunny time, cast shadows.

2. (dialectal) that (distal)
   • 2008, “Läkkäämmä omal viisii [We're speaking [our] own way]”, in Inkeri‎^[6], volume 4, number 69, St. Petersburg, page 12:

     Tämä on Logoven kylä, a se ono Reppoilan kylä.

     This is the village Logovi, and that is the village Reppoila.

se

1. this, that (not bound to a specific location)
   • 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 40:

     Peen tulo saatii siint pellost.

     A small income was received from this field.

2. (dialectal) that (distal)

• Se and neet are anaphoric: That is to say they refer to something previously mentioned (or soon afterwards mentioned) in the conversation. In contrast, too and noo are deictic, and thus refer to physical entities.
• Although Junus (1936; p. 99) describes sen as the accusative and senen as the genitive, in practice, sen is often used as a short form of the genitive as well.
• In the Soikkola dialect, the functions of too (“that”) have merged into se.

Declension of se
	singular	plural
nominative	se	neet
genitive	senen	niijen
accusative	sen	neet
partitive	sitä	niitä
illative	siihe	niihe
inessive	siin	niis
elative	siint, siitä	niist
allative	sille	niille
adessive	sil	niil
ablative	silt	niilt
translative	siks	niiks
essive	senennä	niinnä

Ingrian demonstratives
	proximal	neutral	distal
singular	tämä (tää)	se	too
plural	nämät (näät)	neet	noo

• V. I. Junus (1936), Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka‎^[7], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 99
• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971), Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 514
• Olga I. Konkova; Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014), Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку‎^[8], →ISBN, pages 13-14

se (third person)

1. Reflexive: oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves.

   Illa se videva in le speculo. ― She saw herself in the mirror.

2. Reciprocal: each other, one another.

   Quando illes se cognosceva? ― When did they meet (each other)?

3. Used for passive constructions with undetermined agent (translated by "one").

   De mi casa se vide le mar. ― From my house the sea is seen. (Literally, “...the sea sees itself.”)

4. Hence, used for expressions of the type "to get/become ...-ed".

   espaventar — “to frighten”; espaventar se = "to get frightened" (lit., "to frighten oneself")

• (reflexive, reciprocal, oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves, each other, one another): Many verbs bear a reflexive pronoun by default. Se must be replaced by me, te, etc., according to the subject.

  infiltrar se — “to infiltrate”

  repentir se — “to repent”

Cognate with Urhobo se and Urhobo sé.

se (gerund ese)

1. to read
2. to call

From Latin sī.

se

1. if
   • 1877, Antonio Ive, Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno, volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page 99:

     Biela, se ti vedissi li galiere

     Beautiful one, if you saw the galleys

From Latin sī (“if”)^[1] or from Late Latin se(d), from Latin sī and quid ("what").^[2]

• IPA^(key): /se/^**
• Rhymes: -e
• Hyphenation: se

se

1. if

   Se non è vero, è ben trovato.

   If it is not true, it is a good story.

2. whether
3. if only

• se non
• se non che

From Latin sē.

• IPA^(key): /se/^°
• Rhymes: -e
• Hyphenation: se

se

1. alternative form of si

• Used when followed by a third-person direct object clitic (lo, la, li, le, or ne).

From Latin sīc.

• IPA^(key): /se/^*
• Rhymes: -e
• Hyphenation: se

se

1. (archaic) alternative form of così

se

1. (archaic) alternative form of così: if (only); even if

   se Dio ti lasci, lettor, prender frutto / di tua lezione ― even if God leaves you, reader, take fruit of your lesson (Dante)

• Used to express a conditional with the implicit hope on the part of the speaker that something does or does not happen. Always followed by the subjunctive.

• se in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

Derived from English say.

• IPA^(key): /se/

se

1. to say, to tell
   • 2012, Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment, Edinburgh: DJB, published 2012, →ISBN, Matyu 3:7:

     Bot wen im si uol iip a piipl fram di Farisii an Sadyusii gruup a kom fi im baptaiz dem, im se tu dem se, “Unu siniek pikni unu! A uu waan unu fi ron we fram di jojment we a kom?

     But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees coming to his baptism, he said to them, "You brood of vipers! Who warned you to flee from the wrath to come?

se

1. (relative) that (which, who; representing a subject, direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition)
   • 2012, Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment, Edinburgh: DJB, published 2012, →ISBN, Matyu 2:22:

     Bot wen im ier se a Erad pikni, Arkelos, tek uova an did a ruul Judiya, im kech im fried an neehn waahn go de-so. An kaa Gad did waan im aaf iina wan jriim, im lef go Gyalalii insted.

     But when he heard that Archelaus was reigning over Judea in place of his father Herod, he was afraid to go there, and being warned in a dream he withdrew to the district of Galilee.

     (literally, “But when he heard that Herod's child Archelaus took over and was ruling Judea  […])”)

• se at majstro.com

se

1. The hiragana syllable せ (se) or the katakana syllable セ (se) in Hepburn romanization.

From Sanskrit स (sa), सा (sā), from Proto-Indo-European *só.

se

1. he/she/it (absent from speaker) (3rd-person personal pronoun)

• áya

• IPA^(key): /ˈsʲe/
• Hyphenation: se

se

1. (South Karelian) alternative form of še

se

1. (South Karelian) alternative form of še

• A. V. Punzhina (1994), “se”, in Словарь карельского языка (тверские говоры) [Dictionary of the Karelian language (Tver dialects)], →ISBN

From Finnish se, from Proto-Finnic *se, from Proto-Uralic *śe.

• IPA^(key): /ˈse/

se

1. this, that

se

1. this, that
2. he, she, it

Declension of se singular plural nominative se net genitive sen niitten, niinen partitive sitä niitä illative siihen niihin inessive siinä niissä elative siitä, siittä niistä allative sille, sillet niile, niilet adessive sillä niilä ablative siltä niiltä translative sinä niinä essive siksi niiksi

• (he, she): hän

• Eira Söderholm (2017), Kvensk grammatikk‎^[9], Tromsø: Cappelen Damm Akademisk, →ISBN, page 278

From Latin sē.

se

1. (indefinite) one, you, we, they, people. Note: often translated using the passive voice in English.
2. (reflexive pronoun) oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves; (reciprocal) each other, one another. Note: With some verbs, si is not translated in English.

Inherited from Old Spanish se (“oneself”), from Latin sē.

se m or f by sense (Hebrew spelling סי, third person)^[1]

1. third person reflexive direct or indirect object oneself, herself, himself, itself; each other; one another
2. used to convey the meaning of the English passive voice in the third person
   • 2007, Hernán Rodriguez Fisse, “Alkunya Rodrik o Rodriguez”, in El Amaneser, section 27:

     En 1923, se modernizo la identidad de las personas, pero a unos ermanos de mi Papu le metieron en el nufus la alkunya Rodrik, i a la otra mitad de la famiya, la alkunya Rodriges.

     People’s identities were modernised in 1923, but like some of my grandfather’s brothers they put him on the Rodrik surname identity card, and as for my family’s other half, the surname Rodriges.

• (third person reflexive): Se is used as a suffix with verbs in the infinitive and imperative.

From Old Spanish ge (from Latin illī, compare Portuguese lhe, Italian gli), whose pronunciation shifted from /ʒe/ to /ʃe/ in Early Modern Spanish, at which point it was reanalyzed as /se/ (rather than shifting to /xe/ as expected).

se m or f by sense (Hebrew spelling סי, third person)^[1]

1. used instead of indirect object pronouns le and les before the direct object pronouns lo, la, los, or las

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈseː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈsɛː]

From Proto-Indo-European *swé (reflexive pronoun).

• sēsē (emphatic, especially in reference to a preceding ipse, or at the beginning or the end of a clause)
• sēd (Old Latin)

sē

1. (reflexive pronoun) accusative/ablative masculine/feminine/neuter singular/plural of suī (“oneself; himself; herself; itself; themselves”)

   Vōcālis est littera quae per sē syllabam facere potest. ― A vowel is a letter that can form a syllable by itself.

   Quīntus quōmodo sē habet hodiē? ― How's Quintus doing today? (literally, “is holding himself”)

   In mare sē praecipitāvit. ― He drowned himself in the ocean.

Reflexive pronoun.

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “see sē-”)

• sēd

sē (+ ablative) (Old Latin)

1. without

   Synonym: sine

• De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “sē-, se-, sō-, so-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 549-550
• “sine”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press: “Form se (sed)”
• “se”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

From Late Latin se(d), from Latin sī (“if”) + quid (“what”).

• IPA^(key): /se/

se

1. if

From Proto-Finnic *se, from Proto-Uralic *śe. Cognates include Finnish se and Estonian see.

• IPA^(key): /ˈse/, [ˈse]

se

1. this
2. that
3. it
4. he/she/they

• Tiit-Rein Viitso; Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), “se”, in Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz [Livonian-Estonian-Latvian Dictionary]‎^[10] (in Estonian and Latvian), Tartu, Rīga: Tartu Ülikool, Latviešu valodas aģentūra

• sei, sie

From Middle Low German sê, variously from Old Saxon sia and Old Saxon siu, ultimately developed from forms of Proto-Germanic *hiz and possibly influenced by Proto-Germanic *sa.

• IPA^(key): /zeː/, /seː/, /zɛɪ/, /sɛɪ/

se (German Low German)

1. she

   Se is Anke. — She is Anke (Annie).

se (German Low German)

1. they

   Se kaamt ut Bremen. — They come from Bremen.

   • 1861, G. Ungt, Twee Geschichten in Mönstersk Platt. Ollmanns Jans in de Friümde un Ollmanns Jans up de Reise, page 163:

     Dao gävven⁵ sick de Beiden dann auk an, datt se wier by ähr keimen.⁶

     ⁵ gaben – gaben sich an – strengten sich an.   ⁶ zu ihnen kamen.

• dative and possessive of se: ehr, eer, er, är, ähr

From Proto-Slavic *sę.

• IPA^(key): [sɛ]

se

1. myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, oneself
2. each other, one another
3. used to form passives

• se wě

• Starosta, Manfred (1999), “se”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

From Proto-Finnic *se, from Proto-Uralic *śe. Cognates include Finnish se, Estonian see and Veps se.

se

1. it

Declension of se
	singular	plural
nominative	se	ned
genitive	sen	niiden
partitive	sida	niid
essive	sin	niin
instructive	—	niin
inessive	siiš	niiš
elative	siišpiä	niišpiä
illative	sih	niihe
adessive	sil	niil
ablative	silpiä	niilpiä
allative	sile	niile
abessive	sita	niita
prolative	siči	niiči
translative	sikš	niikš
additive	sihpiä	niihepiä
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)

• M. Pahomov (2022), Lüüdi-venän, venä-lüüdin sanakirdʹ‎^[11], Helsinki: Lüüdilaine Siebr, →ISBN

• IPA^(key): /zə/

se

1. unstressed form of si

See Template:lb-decl-personal pronouns for declension.

Malay cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : se

• esa
• ĕsă
• sĕ (sĕ-)
• sa (sa-)
• să (să-)
• اسا
• س (س-)

Shortened form of esa, from Proto-Malayic *əsa.

• IPA^(key): /sə/
• Rhymes: -sə, -ə

se (Jawi spelling س)

1. one

• satu / ساتو
• tunggal / توڠݢل
• eka (eka-) / ايک (ايک-)
• ahad / احد

• se- / س-

• ser, sa, ħa

Sometimes thought to have been inherited from Arabic سَ (sa), from سَوْفَ (sawfa). However, it is more likely that the similarity is just coincidental and that Maltese se(r) is merely a shortened form of sejjer. It is also possible سَ (sa) influenced the shortening or at least the loss of the r.

• IPA^(key): /sɛ/
• Rhymes: -ɛ

se

1. Indicates a future tense.

se

1. nonstandard spelling of sè

• Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Inherited from Finnish se.

• IPA^(key): /se/

se (plural net)

1. (demonstrative) that
2. (demonstrative) it
3. he, she, it (third-person singular personal pronoun)

   Synonym: häät

se

1. accusative of si (“they”)

• IPA^(key): /sɛː/, /seː/

From Old English swē, swǣ, variants of swā (“so”). More at so.

se

1. so

se

1. alternative form of see (“sea”)

se

1. alternative form of see (“see”)

se

1. alternative form of sche

From Old French se, from Latin sē.

se

1. The third-person reflexive and reciprocal direct object pronoun.
   1. himself
   2. herself
   3. oneself
   4. itself
   5. themselves
   6. each other
2. The third-person reflexive and reciprocal indirect object pronoun.
   1. to himself
   2. to herself
   3. to oneself
   4. to itself
   5. to themselves
   6. to each other

      ils se donnerent bataille ― they gave each other battle (they gave battle to each other)

• Whether to translate as himself, herself, oneself, itself, themselves or each other depends on the gender (male, female or none) and number (singular or plural).
• Usually becomes s' before a vowel. In older manuscripts, it becomes s- with no apostrophe.

• French: se

• sēwe

From Old High German sē, sēo, from Proto-West Germanic *saiwi, from Proto-Germanic *saiwiz.

• IPA^(key): (before 13^th CE) /ˈs̠eː/

sē m or f

1. a lake
2. a sea

• Bavarian:

  Cimbrian: sea

  Mòcheno: sea

• German: See m (“lake”), See f (“sea”) (latter in part from Low German)
• Luxembourgish: Séi

• su, sia

Variously from Old Saxon sia and Old Saxon siu, ultimately developed from forms of Proto-Germanic *hiz and possibly influenced by Proto-Germanic *sa.

• Stem vowel: ê⁴
  • (originally) IPA^(key): /seː/

sê

1. (third person singular female nominative) she
2. her (accusative of sê)
3. (third person plural nominative) they
4. them (accusative of sê)

See Template:gml-perpron for declension.

• Low German: sie
  • Dutch Low Saxon: zee
  • German Low German: se
• Plautdietsch: see

From Proto-Central Chadic *sa, from Proto-Chadic *sa. Cognate with Matal sa (“to drink”).

• IPA^(key): /se/, [se]

se

1. to drink

• S. Allison, Makary Kotoko Provisional Lexicon (SIL)
• R.C. Gravina, The Phonology of Proto-Central Chadic
• S. Allison, Alphabet et Orthographie de Kotoko de Makary (Mpadɨ) (SIL) (in French)

From Latin sē.

• IPA^(key): /sə/
• Rhymes: -e

se

1. reflexive third person pronoun: oneself, himself, itself, herself, themselves etc.

• AIS: Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz [Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Italy and Southern Switzerland] – map 80: “si chiama” – on navigais-web.pd.istc.cnr.it

Inherited from Old Tupi xe.

• IPA^(key): (unstressed) /se/

• Rhymes: -e
• Hyphenation: se

se

1. (second-class) first-person singular personal pronoun (I, me, my)

   Se akanhemu aikú nhaãsé se kirá aikú.

   I am scared because I am fat.

   Aé uputari upitá se irũmu.

   He wants to stay with me.

   Se manha uwiké uka pisasú upé.

   My mother enters the new house.

• As a second-class pronoun, se is used as the subject of a sentence when its verb is a second-class one (those verbs are sometimes referred to as adjectives). The personal pronoun se is also used when governed by any postposition with the exception of arama and supé. Finally, se is used as a possessive pronoun as well.

• >? Pirahã: ti

Nheengatu personal pronouns

singular	first-class pronoun	second-class pronoun
first-person	ixé	se
second-person	indé	ne
third-person	aé	i
plural	first-class pronoun	second-class pronoun
first-person	yandé	yané
second-person	penhẽ	pe
third-person	aintá (or tá)	aintá (or tá)

• AVILA, Marcel Twardowsky (2021) Proposta de dicionário nheengatu–português, page 688
• NAVARRO, Eduardo de Almeida (2016) Curso de língua geral (nheengatu ou tupi moderno): a língua das origens da civilização amazônica, 2nd edition, →ISBN, pages 11 and 108

• sä (Föhr-Amrum)
• siin (Goesharde)
• siine (Halligen)
• si (Heligoland)
• siinj (Mooring)
• säie (Wiedingharde)

From Old Frisian siā, from Proto-West Germanic *sehwan, from Proto-Germanic *sehwaną (“to see”), from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to see”).

• (Sylt) IPA^(key): [sɛ]

se

1. (Sylt) to see

An early loan from Middle Persian [script needed] (sg /⁠sag⁠/), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ.

Central Kurdish	سەگ (seg)

se m

1. dog

• kûçik

From Danish se, from Old Norse sjá, from Proto-Germanic *sehwaną.

• IPA^(key): /seː/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -eː
• Hyphenation: se
• Homophones: C, c

se (imperative se, present tense ser, passive ses or sees, simple past så, past participle sett, present participle seende)

1. to see (perceive with the eyes).

• “se” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

From Proto-West Germanic *siz, replacing earlier *sā, from Proto-Germanic *sa.

• þē — late nom. masc. sg. form
• þē — Mercian
• sæ, ðē, ðæ — Northumbrian

• IPA^(key): /seː/
• Rhymes: -eː

sē

1. the

   sē mōna ― the moon

   sēo sunne ― the sun

   þæt seofonstierre ― the Pleiades

   þā steorran ― the stars

sē

1. that

   Sele mē þone hamor.

   Give me that hammer.

sē

1. that

   Hē fōr hām, and æfter þām ne ġeseah iċ hine nǣfre mā.

   He went home, and after that I never saw him again.

2. the one / that one

   Hēo nis sēo þe þū oferreċċan þearft.

   She's not the one you need to convince.

   Rǣtst þū nū þās bōc oþþe þā?

   Are you reading this book right now or that one?

   Hwæðer is þīn, þē þæt swearte hors þē þæt hwīte?

   Which one is yours, the black horse or the white one?

3. (relative) that, who, what, which
   • late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History

     Đa was on þā tīd Æðelbyrht cyning hāten on Centrīċe, ⁊ mihtiġ: hē hæfde rīċe ōð ġemæro Humbre strēames, sē tōsċēadeð sūðfolce Angelþēode ⁊ nordfolc.

     At that time the powerful Athelbert was king of the kingdom of Kent; his authority extended to the boundary of the Humber, which divides the southern English from the northern English.

   Ne biþ eall þæt glitnaþ nā gold.

   Not everything that glitters is gold.

• The word "the" was used somewhat more sparingly in Old English than in the modern language. One reason is, English had only recently developed a word for "the" (sē previously only meant "that"), leaving many nouns and phrases which had a definite meaning but which people continued to use without a definite article out of custom. Examples of words which usually went without the word "the" include:
  • Names of peoples, such as Engle (“the Angles”), Seaxan (“the Saxons”), and Crēcas (“the Greeks”). Ġelīefst þū þæt Dene magon bēon oferswīðde? (“Do you believe the Danes can be defeated?”).
  • All river names. On Temese flēat ān sċip (“A boat was floating on the Thames”).
  • A few nouns denoting types of locations, namely sǣ (“the sea”), wudu (“the woods”), and eorþe (“the ground”). Þū fēolle on eorðan and slōge þīn hēafod (“You fell on the ground and hit your head”). Note that eorþe was often used with a definite article when it meant "the Earth."
  • "the world," whether expressed with weorold or middanġeard. Iċ eom æt hām on ealre weorolde, þǣr þǣr sind wolcnu and fuglas and mennisċe tēaras (“I feel at home in the whole world, where there are clouds and birds and human tears”).
  • A couple of abstract concepts, namely sōþ (“the truth”) and ǣ (“the law”). Iċ seċġe ēow sōþ, þæt iċ swerie (“I'm telling all of you the truth, I swear”).
  • Dryhten (“the Lord”).
  • morgen (“the morning”) and ǣfen (“the evening”). Iċ ārās on lætne morgen and ēode niðer (“I got up late in the morning and went downstairs”).
  • The four seasons, lencten (“spring”), sumor (“summer”), hærfest (“fall”), and winter (“winter”). On sumore hit biþ wearm and on wintra ċeald (“In the summer it's warm and in the winter it's cold”).
  • forþġewitennes (“the past”), andweardnes (“the present”), and tōweardnes (“the future”). Þā þe forðġewitennesse ġemunan ne magon, hīe bēoþ ġeniðrode hīe tō ġeedlǣċenne (“Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it”).
  • forma sīþ (“the first time”), ōþer sīþ (“the second time”), etc. Hwæt þōhtest þū þā þū mē forman sīðe ġemēttest? (“What did you think when you met me for the first time?”).
  • þīestra (“the dark”). Iċ āwēox, ac iċ nǣfre ne ġeswāc mē þīestra tō ondrǣdenne (“I grew up, but I never stopped being scared of the dark”).
  • Genitive phrases could include the word "the" before the head noun, but most often did not. Instead, genitive phrases were commonly formed like possessive phrases in modern English, with the genitive noun preceding the head noun ("John's car," not "the car of John"). Thus “the fall of Rome” was Rōme hryre, literally “Rome's fall,” and “the god of fire” was fȳres god, literally “fire's god.”

For quotations using this term, see Citations:se.

• Middle English: se, ze, sæ

• IPA^(key): /seː/
• Rhymes: -eː

sē f

1. (Anglian) alternative form of sēo

• The forms in the table below marked with * reflect expected yet unattested Anglian forms. The forms without * reflect the few forms directly attested.

Weak n-stem:

From Latin sē.

• sei
• soi

se m or f (invariable)

1. himself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)
2. herself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)
3. itself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)
4. oneself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)
5. themselves (reflexive direct and indirect third-person plural pronoun)

• French: se

From Latin si.

se

1. if
2. then (afterwards; following)

• French: si

• IPA^(key): /se/

se

1. alternative form of hiu (“she”)
2. alternative form of hia (“they”)

• IPA^(key): /sɛː/

sê m or f

1. sea

• North Frisian:

  Föhr-Amrum: sia

  Heligoland: see

  Mooring: siie

  Sylt: See

• Saterland Frisian: See, Säi
• West Frisian: see

• IPA^(key): /sʲe/

se

1. alternative form of so used after palatalized consonants and front vowels

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /sɛ/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /sɛ/

se

1. alternative form of z

From Proto-Germanic *sa.

• IPA^(key): /sɛː/

sē m (demonstrative)

1. definite article: the

   sē māno ― the moon

2. demonstrative adjective: that, those

   Hē gaf thē gift. ― He gave that gift.

Inherited from Latin sē.

se

1. third person reflexive direct or indirect object oneself, herself, himself or itself; each other; one another
   • c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 78r:

     Eſte herodes Murio mala muerte deuẏno gafo de pues por la grãt pudor q̃ ſalẏo del ⁊ nõ lo podie ſofrir. el Miſmo ſe mato cõ .j. guchiello.

     This Herod died a bad death. He became leprous [and] then, because of the great shame which he displayed and could not bear, he killed himself with a knife.

2. Used to convey the meaning of the English passive voice in the third person.
   • c. 1132, Cartularios de Valpuesta‎^[12], doc 162:

     […] et abet se adimplir del poço de sancto Dominico per foro […]

     And it is to be fulfilled from the well of Saint Dominic by charter.

• (third person reflexive): Se is used as a suffix with verbs in the infinitive and imperative.

• Ladino: se, סי
• Spanish: se

• Ralph Steele Boggs et al. (1946), “se”, in Tentative Dictionary of Medieval Spanish, volume II, Chapel Hill, page 459

se

1. first-person singular present active subjunctive of vara
2. second-person singular present active subjunctive of vara
3. third-person singular present active subjunctive of vara
4. third-person plural singular present active subjunctive of vara

se

1. one.

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

• IPA^(key): /se/

se (demonstrative, Perso-Arabic spelling سےۡ)

1. the
2. that (agr: rem fem / rem non-nom masc)

• Henrik Liljegren; Naseem Haider (2011), “se”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎^[13], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

• IPA^(key): /se/

se (demonstrative, Perso-Arabic spelling سےۡ)

1. the
2. those (agr: rem)

• Henrik Liljegren; Naseem Haider (2011), “se”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎^[14], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

• IPA^(key): /se/

se (demonstrative, Perso-Arabic spelling سےۡ)

1. it
2. she (rem fem nom)

• Henrik Liljegren; Naseem Haider (2011), “se”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎^[15], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

• IPA^(key): /se/

se (demonstrative, Perso-Arabic spelling سےۡ)

1. they (rem nom)

• Henrik Liljegren; Naseem Haider (2011), “se”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎^[16], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

Compare German sie.

• IPA^(key): /sə/

se

1. she, her

se

1. I

   se-take ― I want

• 2001, Alejandra Vidal, quoted in Subordination in Native South-American Languages

Pipil cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : sē     Ordinal : achtu     Adverbial : seujti     Distributive : sejsē ika

From Proto-Uto-Aztecan *sɨmayV. Compare Classical Nahuatl ce (“one”). Cognate with Hopi suukya' (“one”), Shoshone seme' (“one”), Cahuilla súplli (“one”), and O'odham hema (“one”).

• IPA^(key): /ˈseː/

sē

1. one

   Nikneki semaya se

   I want only one

sē

1. a, indefinite article

   Tikitat se tekulut tik ne kwajkwawit

   We saw an owl in the trees

sē

1. someone, something, indefinite pronoun

   Walajsik se ina ka metzishmati

   Someone came who said she/he knows you

   Se anmejemet nemi pal yawi pal kikua ne takwal

   One of you has to go to buy the food

   Ne nunan nechmakak se anmupal

   My mom gave me something for you all

Clipping of sobie.

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛ
• Syllabification: se

se

1. (colloquial, sometimes proscribed or dialectal, Przemyśl, Podegrodzie) (dative, weak form) oneself, myself, yourself, itself, etc.

   Synonym: sobie

   Daj se z tym spokój.

   Give it a break.

• “se”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎^[17] (in Polish)
• Aleksander Saloni (1899), “se”, in “Lud wiejski w okolicy Przeworska”, in M. Arct, E. Lubowski, editors, Wisła : miesięcznik gieograficzno-etnograficzny‎^[18] (in Polish), volume 13, Warsaw: Artur Gruszecki, page 244
• Karol Mátyás (1891), “se”, in “Słowniczek gwary ludu zamieszkującego wschodnio-południową najbliższą okolicę Nowego Sącza”, in Sprawozdania Komisyi Językowej Akademii Umiejętności (in Polish), volume 4, Kraków: Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, page 329

• Audio (Brazil (São Paulo)):

  (file)

• Audio (Portugal (Porto)):

  (file)

• Homophones: si (Brazil), cê (South Brazil)
• Hyphenation: se

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese sse / se, from Latin sē.

se m or f by sense

2. third-person singular and plural reflexive pronoun; himself; herself; itself; themselves

   Ela se viu no espelho.

   She saw herself in the mirror.

4. (nonstandard, colloquial, Brazil, highly proscribed) first-person singular reflexive pronoun; myself

   Synonym: (standard) me

   Eu acordei e se vesti.

   I woke up and dressed myself.

6. third-person singular and plural reciprocal pronoun; each other; one another

   Quando eles se conheceram?

   When did they meet (each other)?

8. (colloquial, nonstandard, Brazil, Alentejo) first-person plural reciprocal pronoun; each other; one another

   Synonym: (standard) nos

   Nós se beijámos.

   We kissed each other.

10. second-person singular and plural reflexive and reciprocal pronoun, when used with second-person pronouns other than tu and vós; yourself; yourselves

    E você se diz um professor!

    And you call yourself a teacher!

12. impersonal pronominal verb; oneself

    Vive-se bem em Belém.

    One lives well in Belém.

    (literally, “Lives oneself well in Belém”)

14. a particle that passivizes the verb without specifying its agent

    Sempre se usavam roupas elegantes nessas reuniões.

    Elegant clothes were always worn in these meetings.

    • 1890, Aluizio Azevedo, chapter III, in O Cortiço, Rio de Janeiro: B. L. Garnier, page 45:

      Começavam a fazer compras na venda; ensarilhavam-se discussões e resingas; ouviam-se gargalhadas e pragas; já se não fallava, gritava-se.

      People started shopping at the sale; arguments and quarrels were entangled; laughter and curses were heard; people no longer talked: they shouted.

16. accessory, when it is used to embellish the verb without its omission impairing the understanding or changing the meaning

    "Vão-se os reis, mas as nações ficam."

    Kings go, but nations remain.

18. particle of spontaneity, when it indicates that there was spontaneity in the action by its agent

    Ele morreu-se.

    He died.

• When the verb precedes se, a hyphen must be used. In Portugal post-verb se is more common, while in Brazil it usually precedes the verb.
• (reflexive and reciprocal): Many verb senses take a reflexive pronoun by default; they are called pronominal verbs. se must be replaced by me, te, etc. according to the subject.

  comunicar-se (com) ― to communicate (with)

  arrepender-se ― to repent

• Many ergative English verbs are translated by a bare verb for transitive usage and a pronominal one for intransitive:

  O professor acalmou os alunos.

  The teacher calmed the students down.

  O professor acalmou-se.

  The teacher calmed down.

• (impersonal pronominal verb, passivizing particle): se may also have a modal sense (e.g. advice, duty, or prohibition):

  É assim que se lida com um cliente chato.

  This is how an annoying customer should be dealt with.

  2015, Atchim e Espirro, “Não Atire o Pau no Gato [Don't Throw a Stick at the Cat]”, in Luccas Fantinato Trevisani (lyrics), Cantigas de Roda [Nursery Rhymes]‎^[19]:

  Não atire o pau no ga-to-to / Porque is-so-so não se faz, faz, faz

  Don't throw a stick at the cat-at-at / Because that-at-at you must not do-oo-oo

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese se, from Latin sī (“if”).

• si (pre-standardization spelling)

se

1. if (introduces a condition that may be (or prove to be) either true or false)

   Synonyms: caso, desde que, contanto que, dado que

   Antonyms: caso contrário, senão

   Se for sair, leve um guarda-chuva.

   If you go out, take an umbrella.

   Só começaremos se nos pagarem.

   We will only begin if they pay us.

   • 2009, Maria Gadú, “Altar particular”:

     Tu me devolva o que tirou daqui / Que o meu peito se abre e desata os nós / Se enfim, você um dia resolver mudar / Tirar meu pobre coração do altar

     Give me back what you took from here / 'Cause my chest will open and untie the knots / If you finally decide to change / Take my poor heart from the altar

   • 2007, J. K. Rowling, Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte, Rocco, page 317:

     Desculpe, acho que dá mais medo se for meia-noite!

     I'm sorry, I thought it would be more fearsome if it were midnight!

2. if (introduces a condition that is counterfactual or hypothetical)

   Synonyms: caso, desde que, contanto que, dado que

   Antonyms: caso contrário, senão

   Se ela não tivesse me falado, não ia saber.

   If she hadn't told me, I wouldn't know.

   Se eu fosse você, não iria ali sozinha.

   If I were you, I wouldn't go there alone.

3. if (introduces a condition that is known to be true)

   Synonyms: porque, porquanto, já que, visto que, uma vez que, como

   Se você tem carro, por que ir a pé?

   If you have a car, why go on foot?

   O ralo está entupido — e, se o ralo está entupido, a água não flui.

   The drain's blocked — and if the drain's blocked, the water won't flow.

4. if (introduces a relevance conditional)

   Synonyms: caso, desde que, contanto que, dado que

   Antonyms: caso contrário, senão

   Tenho sobras de bolo se você quiser.

   I have leftover cake if you want some.

5. if (when; whenever; every time that)

   Synonyms: quando, assim que, sempre que, logo que, mal, desde que

   Se ele fala, irrita a todos.

   If he speaks, he annoys everyone.

   Se chove, cai um toró.

   If it rains, it pours.

6. if, whether (used to introduce a noun clause, an indirect question, that functions as the direct object of certain verbs)

   Não sei se ela vem.

   I don't know if she will come.

   Pergunto-lhe se já tem uma solução para o caso.

   I ask you whether you already have a solution for the case.

• Specifically a subordinating conjunction like English if.

se

1. (Brazil, text messaging) nonstandard spelling of cê (“you”); u

   Synonym: c

   se sabe oq aconteceu??

   u know wt happened??

• “se”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026

• s' (Apocopic)

se

1. if

• се (se) — post-1930s Cyrillic spelling

From Latin sē.

• IPA^(key): /se/
• Rhymes: -e

se

1. (reflexive pronoun) oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves

   El se spală înainte de cină.

   He washes himself before dinner.

   Ea se vede în oglindă în fiecare dimineață.

   She sees herself in the mirror every morning.

2. each other, one another

   Ei se iubesc de mulți ani.

   They love each other for many years.

   Colegii se ajută când au nevoie.

   Colleagues help each other when needed.

3. (grammar) pronoun used with verbs to form the passive voice or middle voice

   Se construiesc blocuri noi în cartier.

   New apartment blocks are being built in the neighborhood.

   Problema se rezolvă ușor dacă urmezi instrucțiunile.

   The problem is solved easily if you follow the instructions.

4. (grammar) indefinite or impersonal subject marker used with third-person verbs, expressing actions done by people in general; one, people, you, they (in general statements)

   Se spune că orașul era mai frumos înainte.

   They say the city was more beautiful before.

   Aici se mănâncă bine.

   You eat well here. / One eats well here.

   În zilele noastre se muncește mult.

   Nowadays people work a lot.

   În România se mănâncă multă pâine.

   In Romania, people eat a lot of bread.

• se is used with many pronominal verbs and changes according to the subject (e.g. mă, te, se, ne, vă, se).
• Many Romanian verbs exist in both non-pronominal and pronominal forms:

  deschide ușa ― to open the door

  ușa se deschide ― the door opens

• In impersonal and passive constructions, the agent is usually unknown, irrelevant, or general.

• sine

• “se”, in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language) (in Romanian), 2004–2026

• (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan) si
• (Sutsilvan, Surmiran) sen
• (Puter, Vallader) sü

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

se

1. (Sutsilvan, Surmiran) up, upward, upwards

From Proto-Bantu *cé.

sé class 1a (plural bāsé class 2a)

1. his/her father
2. his/her paternal uncle

se

1. a (singular indefinite article)

• le

• IPA^(key): /se/

From Proto-Slavic *sę, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sen, from Proto-Indo-European *swé.

se ? (Cyrillic spelling се)

1. oneself (clitic form of reflexive pronoun)
   1. myself
   2. ourselves
   3. thyself (archaic)
   4. yourself, yourselves
   5. himself, herself, itself
   6. themselves
2. (by extension, impersonal) Used to convey the meaning of the English passive voice in the third person where the impersonal subject does the verb unto itself

   Kako se zoveš? ― What's your name? (literally, “What do you call yourself?”)

   Kako se to kaže na španjolskom? ― How is that said in Spanish? / How do you say that in Spanish? (literally, “How does it say itself in Spanish?”)

   Ovdje se govori španjolski ― Spanish is spoken here (literally, “Spanish speaks itself here.”)

   Svjetska prvenstva se igraju ljeti. ― World Cups are played during the summer. (literally, “World Cups play themselves during the summer.”)

From Proto-Slavic *sь.

se (Cyrillic spelling се)

1. (obsolete) this is; here is
   • 1404, anonymous, Kočerin tablet, (Please provide the book title or journal name):

     се лежи вигань милошевиꙉь

     Here lies Viganj Milošević

• sì
• se', sè (non-orthographic)

From Latin sīc. In the “yes” sense, from sīc (est). Doublet of sì.

• IPA^(key): /ˈsɛ/ (stressed)
• IPA^(key): /si/ (unstressed)
• Hyphenation: sè

se

1. yes

   Antonyms: no, noni, nonzi, ntz

From Proto-Slavic *sę.

• IPA^(key): /sɛ/

se

1. oneself: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
2. ourselves, yourselves, themselves
3. Dummy pronoun to make a verb intransitive, reflexive, or for reflexive voice.

Second masculine/first feminine/second neuter declension (a-stem), fixed accent, highly irregular Stressed ("naglasne") forms
nominative imenovȃlnik	–	–	–
genitive rodȋlnik	sébe	sébe	sébe
dative dajȃlnik	sébi	sébi	sébi
accusative tožȋlnik	sébe	sébe	sébe
locative mẹ̑stnik	sébi	sébi	sébi
instrumental orọ̑dnik	sȃbo, sebọ́j	sȃbo, sebọ́j	sȃbo, sebọ́j
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	–	–	–

Unstressed ("naslonske") forms
	singular	dual	plural
genitive rodȋlnik	se	se	se
dative dajȃlnik	si	si	si
accusative tožȋlnik	se	se	se

Binding ("navezne / predložne") accusative forms
	singular	dual	plural
unstressed	-se	-se	-se
stressed	sẹ̑	sẹ̑	sẹ̑

• jaz
• ti
• on
• ona
• ono

• “se”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
• “se”, in Termania, Amebis
• See also the general references

• c (texting, nonstandard), ce (nonstandard)

• IPA^(key): /se/ [se]

• Audio (Colombia):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -e
• Syllabification: se
• Homophones: sé, (Latin America) ce

From Latin sē.

se m or f by sense (third person singular and plural, including ‘usted’ and ‘ustedes’)

1. A reflexive or reciprocal pronoun: oneself, himself, herself, itself, yourself; themselves; yourselves; each other; one another

   Juan se lava. ― Juan washes himself.

   Diego y María se aman. ― Diego and María love each other.

   ¿Cómo se llama? ― What is your name? (literally, “How do you call yourself?”)

   Les gustaba comprarse flores. ― They liked to buy each other flowers.

   Roberto se lava la cara.

   Roberto washes his own face.

   (literally, “Roberto, to himself, washes the face.”)

2. A pronoun used with transitive verbs to create the passive voice

   Se necesitan médicos bilingües. ― Bilingual doctors are needed.

   Algún día, todo se sabrá. ― One day, everything will be known.

   Se suponía que iban a salir conmigo.

   They were supposed to go out with me.

   (literally, “It was supposed that they were going to go out with me.”)

3. A pronoun used with a verb conjugated in the third-person singular to convey an impersonal meaning

   Se dice que... ― It is said that...

   Aquí se habla español.

   Spanish is spoken here / They speak Spanish here.

   (literally, “One speaks Spanish here.”)

4. (formal) Used to third person subjunctive moods to form an impersonal imperative.
   • 2025 July 28 (last accessed), (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎^[20]:

     Hágase tu voluntad en la tierra como en el cielo.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

• (third person reflexive): Se is used as a suffix with verbs in the infinitive, gerund and imperative.

From Old Spanish ge (from Latin illī, compare Portuguese lhe, Italian gli), whose pronunciation shifted from /ʒe/ to /ʃe/ in Early Modern Spanish, at which point it was reanalyzed as /se/ (rather than shifting to /xe/ as expected).

• ge (archaic)

se m or f by sense (third person, including ‘usted’ and ‘ustedes’)

1. used instead of indirect object pronouns le and les before the direct object pronouns lo, la, los, or las

   El samaritano se las dio. ― The Samaritan gave them to him.

See Appendix:Spanish pronouns for an overview of Spanish pronouns and Template:es-personal pronouns for a pronoun table.

se (main verb saber)

1. misspelling of sé

• “se”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8.1, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 15 December 2025
• “se”, in Diccionario panhispánico de dudas [Panhispanic Dictionary of Uncertainties] (in Spanish), 2nd edition, Royal Spanish Academy; Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, 2023, →ISBN
• “se”, in Diccionario del español de México, Segunda edición, Academia Mexicana de la Lengua, 2019
• Seco, Manuel; Andrés, Olimpia; Ramos, Gabino (2023), “se”, in Diccionario del español actual (in Spanish), third digital edition, Fundación BBVA

Borrowed from Dutch zee.

se

1. sea

From Old Swedish sēa, sē, sīa, from Old Norse séa, sjá, from Proto-Germanic *sehwaną. Final -g of the past tense form added under influence of the Old Swedish plural form sāgho.

• IPA^(key): /seː/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Homophones: C, c
• Rhymes: -eː

se (present ser, preterite såg, supine sett, imperative se)

1. to see (not be blind)

   Han sa att han var blind, men han kan se

   He said he was blind, but he can see

2. to look

   Synonyms: titta, kolla, stirra, glo

   Han såg på igelkotten

   He looked at the hedgehog

   • 1888, August Strindberg, Fröken Julie‎^[21]:

     Tvärtom, fröken Julie, som ni ser har jag skyndat uppsöka min övergivna!

     Quite the opposite, miss Julie, as you can see I have rushed to find my abandoned one!

   • 1915, John Wahlborg, Stjärnbanér i blågult‎^[22]:

     Vad jag sett och hört och känt har helt enkelt överväldigat mig.

     What I have seen and heard and felt has quite simply overwhelmed me.

4. to see; to understand

   Synonyms: förstå, fatta, begripa

   Jag ser inte hur det skulle kunna vara möjligt. ― I don't see how that could be possible.

5. to see, to visualize; to form a mental picture of

"Jag ser" for "I see" as in "I understand" does not work in (sense 3). See the synonyms instead.

• förnimma

• höra
• lukta
• smaka
• känna

• syn
• sikt

• “se”, in Svensk ordbok [Dictionary of Swedish] (in Swedish)
• “se”, in Svenska Akademiens ordlista [Wordlist of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)
• “se”, in Svenska Akademiens ordbok [Dictionary of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)

• -es

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈse/ [ˈsɛ]
• Rhymes: -e
• Syllabification: se

See ce.

se (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜒ) (historical)

1. alternative form of ce

See che.

se (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜒ) (historical)

1. alternative form of che

• es

Cognate with Persian سه (seh).

se

1. three

se (impersonal, reflexive)

1. it
2. one

• IPA^(key): [ˈse]

se (Jawi سي)

1. human oblique preposition
   1. to
   2. at, in
   3. on
   4. from

Se is only used when the referent is human. For non-human referents, toma is used instead.

• si

• IPA^(key): [ˈse]

se (Jawi سي)

1. associative preposition: with

   ngori totagi butu se ngori rinongoru ― I go to the market with my younger sibling

2. instrumental preposition: with, by, using

   tabu se usipera ― fire the gun (literally, “to shoot with the gun”)

Generally, when se takes a human referent, it is associative, and when se takes a non-human referent, it is instrumental, although exceptions do exist.

• si

• IPA^(key): [ˈse]

se (Jawi سي)

1. and

   tohida riyaya se ribaba ― I see my mother and my father

2. forms compound numbers

   bobato nyagimoi se tofkange ― the (council of) eighteen bobatos (literally, “the ten and eight bobatos”)

• Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890), Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
• Rika Hayami-Allen (2001), A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

From Proto-Indo-European *suHyús. Cognate with Tocharian B soy, Old Armenian ուստր (ustr) and Ancient Greek υἱύς (huiús).

se m

1. son

• ckācar
• pācar
• mācar
• pracar
• ṣar

se

1. alternative form of kᵤse (“who, which”) (colloquial)

se

1. The name of the Latin script letter S/s.

se

1. Letter of the Arabic alphabet: ث

se (indefinite article)

1. a, an

Cognate with Isoko se.

se

1. (transitive) to read
2. (transitive) to refuse

• Anthony Obakpọnọvwẹ Ukere, Urhobo - English Dictionary, 1986 - version edited by Roger Blench, Cambridge 2005, page 40

From Proto-Finnic *se, from Proto-Uralic *śe. Cognates include Finnish se and Estonian see.

se

1. it

See Template:vep-decl-se for inflection.

se

1. that (far)

See Template:vep-decl-se for inflection.

• -se

• Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “та, то, тот”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎^[23], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [sɛ˧˧]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [ʂɛ˧˧] ~ [sɛ˧˧]
• (Saigon) IPA^(key): [ʂɛ˧˧] ~ [sɛ˧˧]

se

1. to be almost dry
2. to be wrung with pain

• “se”, in Soha Tra Từ (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Vietnam Communications Corporation.

se

1. out of

Perhaps an accusative form of *sim (“pig”), from Proto-Italic *sūs, from Proto-Indo-European *suH-. If this is true, the term would be a cognate with Latin sūs and Umbrian sim. This interpretation has been criticized for being phonologically improbable as the letter "e" may not have been likely to represent the sound "/iː/."

se (accusative)

1. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include: pig

From Proto-Italic *som~*ezom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti. Cognate with Latin sum, in particular Latin siet. This interpretation has been criticized for being phonologically improbable as the letter "e" may not have been likely to represent the sound "/iː/."

se (3rd person singular subjunctive)

1. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include: to be

Fron Proto-Italic *sei. Cognate with Latin sī or Latin sīc.

se

1. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include: if, thus

• 2022, Blanca María Prósper, “The Tabula Veliterna: a sacred law from Central Italy”, in Rivista Italiana di Linguistica e dialettologia‎^[24], number XXIV (quotation in English; overall work in English), pages 10-11:

• (Luutsa, Liivčülä) IPA^(key): /ˈse/, [ˈsʲe]
• Rhymes: -e
• Hyphenation: se

se

1. alternative form of see

• Hallap, V.; Adler, E.; Grünberg, S.; Leppik, M. (2012), “se¹”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language]‎^[25], 2nd edition, Tallinn

• IPA^(key): /sɛ/

se (not mutable)

1. contraction of basai

se

1. alternative form of sy (“she”)

se

1. alternative form of sy (“they”)

• IPA^(key): [sʰə]

Wutunhua numbers ^(edit)

	40
←  3	4	5  →
Cardinal: se     Ordinal: di-se, xxewa

From Mandarin 四 (sì).

se

1. four

From Mandarin 死 (sǐ).

se

1. to die

   rolang sho-de je da nga-n-de mula ren se-gu-la diando rolang qhe-lai-li sho-de gu-li.

   As for this thing called ro-langs [type of Tibetan zombie], it is said that if a person among us dies, there will appear a ro-langs instead.

   (Quoted in Janhunen et al., p. 114)

• Juha Janhunen, Marja Peltomaa, Erika Sandman, Xiawu Dongzhou (2008), Wutun (LINCOM's Descriptive Grammar Series), volume 466, LINCOM Europa, →ISBN
• Erika Sandman (2016), A Grammar of Wutun‎^[26], University of Helsinki (PhD), →ISBN

Proposed to be derived from Proto-Yoruboid *sì, compare with Igala hì, Igbo si

• hè (Ìkálẹ̀)

• IPA^(key): /sè/

sè

1. (transitive) to cook

   Ó se ọbẹ̀ ilá. ― He cooked okra soup.

2. (transitive) to boil

   Mi ò mọ ẹyin ín sè. ― I don't know how to boil eggs.

• When to cook is intransitive use dáná.
• (to boil): When referring to leafy vegetables or meat use bọ̀, when referring to water use hó.

Yoruba varieties and languages: sè (“to cook, boil”)
view map; edit data
Language family	Variety group	Variety/language	Subdialect	Location	Words
Proto-Itsekiri-SEY	Southeast Yoruba	Eastern Àkókó	Ọ̀bà	Ọ̀bà Àkókó	sè
		Ìdànrè (Ùdànè, Ùdànrè)			sè
			Ìdànrè (Ùdànè, Ùdànrè)		sè
		Ìjẹ̀bú			sè
			Ìjẹ̀bú	Ìjẹ̀bú Òde	sè
				Àgọ́ Ìwòyè	sè
				Ìjẹ̀bú Igbó	sè
			Rẹ́mọ	Ẹ̀pẹ́	sè
				Ìkẹ́nnẹ́	sè
				Ìkòròdú	sè
				Òde Rẹ́mọ	sè
				Ṣágámù	sè
		Ifọ́n			sè
			Ifọ́n		sè
		Ìkálẹ̀ (Ùkálẹ̀)			hè
			Òkìtìpupa		hè
		Ìlàjẹ (Ùlàjẹ)			hè
			Mahin		hè
			Òde Ùgbò		hè
			Òde Etíkàn		hè
		Oǹdó			sè
			Oǹdó		sè
		Ọ̀wọ̀ (Ọ̀ghọ̀)			sè
			Ọ̀wọ̀ (Ọ̀ghọ̀)		sè
		Usẹn			hè
			Usẹn		hè
	Ìtsẹkírì				sè
		Ìwẹrẹ			sè
	Olùkùmi				fẹ́unzẹ́
		Ugbódù			fẹ́unzẹ́
Proto-Yoruba	Central Yoruba	Èkìtì	Èkìtì	Àdó Èkìtì	sè
				Òdè Èkìtì	sè
				Òmùò Èkìtì	sè
				Awó Èkìtì	sè
				Ìfàkì Èkìtì	sè
			Àkúrẹ́	Àkúrẹ́	sè
			Mọ̀bà	Ọ̀tùn Èkìtì	sè
		Ifẹ̀ (Ufẹ̀)			sè
			Ilé Ifẹ̀ (Ulé Ufẹ̀)		sè
		Ìjẹ̀ṣà (Ùjẹ̀ṣà)			sè
			Iléṣà (Uléṣà)		sè
		Òkè Igbó			sè
			Òkè Igbó		sè
		Western Àkókó			sè
			Ọ̀gbàgì Àkókó		sè
	Northwest Yoruba	Àwórì			sè
			Èbúté Mẹ́tà		sè
			Ìgbẹsà		sè
			Ọ̀tà		sè
			Agége		sè
			Ìlogbò Erémi		sè
		Ẹ̀gbá			sè
			Abẹ́òkúta		sè
		Ẹ̀gbádò	Ayétòrò		sè
			Igbógila		sè
			Ìjàká		sè
			Ìlaròó		sè
			Ìṣàwọ́njọ		sè
		Èkó			sè
			Èkó		sè
		Ìbàdàn			sè
			Ìbàdàn		sè
		Ìbàràpá			sè
			Igbó Òrà		sè
			Èrúwà		sè
		Ìbọ̀lọ́			sè
			Òṣogbo (Òsogbo)		sè
			Ọ̀fà		sè
		Ìgbómìnà			sè
			Ìlá Ọ̀ràngún		sè
			Ìfẹ́lódùn LGA		sè
			Ìrẹ́pọ̀dùn LGA		sè
			Ìsin LGA		sè
		Ìlọrin			sè
			Ìlọrin		sè
		Oǹkó	Òtù		sè
			Ìwéré Ilé		sè
			Òkèhò		sè
			Ìsẹ́yìn		sè
			Ṣakí		sè
			Tedé		sè
			Ìgbẹ́tì		sè
		Ọ̀yọ́			sè
			Ọ̀yọ́		sè
			Ògbómọ̀ṣọ́ (Ògbómọ̀sọ́)		sè
			Ìkirè		sè
			Ìwó		sè
		Standard Yorùbá	Nàìjíríà		sè
			Bɛ̀nɛ̀		sè
	Northeast Yoruba/Okun	Gbẹ̀dẹ̀			hè
			Ìyá Gbẹ̀dẹ̀		hè
		Ìbùnú			hè
			Bùnú		hè
		Ìjùmú			hè
Ìjùmú			hè
Ìkìrì			hè
	Akutupa Kiri		hè
Ìyàgbà			hè
	Ìsánlú Ìtẹ̀dó		hè
Owé			hè
	Kabba		hè
Ọ̀wọ́rọ̀			hè
	Lọ́kọ́ja		hè
Ede languages/Southwest Yoruba	Ọ̀họ̀rí/Ɔ̀hɔ̀rí-Ìjè	Ọ̀họ̀rí/Ɔ̀hɔ̀rí/Ìjè	Ìkpòbɛ́	sè
			Ọ̀húnbẹ́	sè
			Onigbolo	sè
		Kétu/Ànàgó	Ìlárá	sè
			Ìdọ̀fà	sè
			Ìmẹ̀kọ	sè
			Ìwòyè Kétu	sè
			Kétu	sè
	Ifɛ̀	Akpáré		sè
		Atakpamɛ		sè
		Est-Mono		sè
		Tchetti (Tsɛti, Cɛti)		sè
	Southern Nago	Ìsakété		sè
		Ìfànyìn		sè
Note: This amalgamation of terms comes from a number of different academic papers focused on the unique varieties and languages spoken in the Yoruboid dialectal continuum which extends from eastern Togo to southern Nigeria. The terms for spoken varieties, now deemed dialects of Yorùbá in Nigeria (i.e. Southeast Yorùbá, Northwest Yorùbá, Central Yorùbá, and Northeast Yorùbá), have converged with those of Standard Yorùbá leading to the creation of what can be labeled Common Yorùbá (Funṣọ Akere, 1977). It can be assumed that the Standard Yorùbá term can also be used in most Nigerian varieties alongside native terms, especially amongst younger speakers. This does not apply to the other Nigerian Yoruboid languages of Ìṣẹkírì and Olùkùmi, nor the Èdè Languages of Benin and Togo.

• IPA^(key): /sé/

sé

1. (transitive) to block; to shut

   Wọ́n sé fèrèsé náà. ― They blocked that window.

2. (transitive) to miss

   Òkúta tí ó jù sé ihò. ― The rock she threw missed the hole.

• IPA^(key): [sɛ]

From Turkish -se (“if”).

se

1. if

• benose

From Proto-Iranian *číš (“what”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷís (“who, what, which, that”).

se

1. what
2. how

se

1. alternative form of sed