-li

From Middle High German -līn. Compare Yiddish ־ל (-l).

-li

1. forms diminutives of nouns

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-lig

• IPA^(key): [li]

-li

1. with, containing; forms adjectives from nouns.

   Antonym: -siz

   ‎süd (“milk”) + ‎-li → ‎südlü (“milky, containing milk”)

2. of, from; of a nation or place. The demonym formed this way functions equally as an adjective and as a noun.

   ‎Təbriz (“Tabriz”) + ‎-li → ‎Təbrizli (“[a person] from Tabriz”)

   ‎Çin (“China”) + ‎-li → ‎Çinli (“Chinese, [a person] from China”)

3. -al

   ‎yer (“locus”) + ‎-li → ‎yerli (“local”); ‎iki (“two”) + ‎-li → ‎ikili (“dual”)

• Stress is carried onto the suffix when appended to a word with stress on the last syllable:

  üzüm [yˈzym] becomes üzümlü [yzymˈly]

• Stress doesn't shift when appended to a word that is stressed elsewhere:

  İtaliya [iˈtɑl(i)jɑ] becomes italiyalı [iˈtɑl(i)jɑɫɯ]

-li (class I first-person singular subject marker)

1. I (subject of an active transitive or active intransitive verb)

-li (transitive-forming verb suffix)

1. forms or indicates an active transitive verb

-li (verb-forming suffix)

1. forms or indicates an active transitive verb

-li (class I first-person singular)

1. the subject of an active transitive verb

   I

2. the subject of an active intransitive verb

   I

Inherited from Old Czech li, from Proto-Slavic *li.

• IPA^(key): [ lɪ]

-li

1. if

   Utíkej odtud, je-li ti život milý. ― Run away from here if you like your life.

   • 1878, Jan Neruda, Písně kosmické:

     bude-li každý z nás z křemene, je celý národ z kvádrů

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

2. whether

   Nevím, přijde-li. ― I don't know whether he comes.

-li

1. (dated or literary or dialectal) question-forming interrogative particle

   Není-li pravda? ― Is it not true?

• “-li”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “-li”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
• “li”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2026

Cognate to Classical Nahuatl -lin

-li

1. a suffix that makes nouns.

-li

1. alternative spelling of -lli

-li

1. Clitic form of le (“to him, to her, to them”)

• Valeš, Miroslav (2021), Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎^[1], 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN, page 187

-la +‎ -i (nominal suffix)

• IPA^(key): /-li/, [-li]

-li

1. Forms diminutive nouns.

Preceding -a-, -ä-, -i- usually changes to -e- (compare -ella).

• -eli

-la +‎ -i (i-lative singular)

• IPA^(key): /-li(ˣ)/, [-li(ʔ)]

-li

1. Forms some terminative adverbs.

Cognate with Alemannic German -li.

-li n

1. (Southern Germany, Switzerland) suffix used to create a diminutive form

   Synonym: -lein

• Mütterli

• (Nuuk) IPA^(key): /-li/, [-lɪ]

-li (v-v^?, additive^?)

1. (intransitive, with stative verbs) [verb] more
2. (transitive, with stative verbs) cause to [verb] more

Fusions with three verbs in the following manner:

angivoq (“be large”) → allivoq (“become larger”), allivaa (“make larger, enlarge”)

mikivoq (“be small”) → millivoq (“become smaller, shrink”), millivaa (“make smaller”)

takivoq (“be long”) → tallivoq (“become longer”), tallivaa (“make longer”)

-li (enclitic)

1. but
   • "Tasiilami efterskoleqalernissaa Jakob Sivertsen-ip sulissutigaa", Atuagagdliutit

     Kalaallit Nunaanni efterskoleliortiternissaq piumassuseqarfigineqarpoq, aningaasassaqartinneqanngillalli

• Vestgrønlands Grammatik, p. 118-119, F.A.J. Nielsen, 2014

• -ri (Owerri, Umuahia)

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

• Rhymes: -iː

-li

1. Used to form simple past tenses of verbs.

   melili (as in Roger Federer melili Yoshihito Nishioka na US Open.)

-li

1. (enclitic) alternative form of li

   dare (“to give”) → darli (“to give them”)

   vendere (“to sell”) → venderli (“to sell them”)

   servire (“to serve”) → servirli (“to serve them”)

• Appended to present active infinitive verb forms to accusative dative forms when the object is third plural masculine person. The final -e of the original infinitive is removed :

-are → -arli

-ere → -erli

-ire → -irli

Where the verb ends in -rre, the final re is removed, leaving behind just an -r:

introdurre (“to introduce”) → introdurli (“to introduce them”)

In any case, after the suffixation, there is only a single r and no vowels immediately before -li.

• il, il-

-lī

1. inflection of -lus:
   1. nominative/vocative masculine plural
   2. genitive masculine/neuter singular

• -lic

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *li; cognate with Upper Sorbian -li, Polish -li, Czech -li.

• IPA^(key): /li/, [lʲi]

-li

1. used after a verb form to introduce a polar question

   Spiš-li? ― Are you sleeping?

   Sy-li Bóžy syn? ― Are you the Son of God?

   Wiźiš-li to? ― Do you see that?

-li

1. if

   Synonyms: joli, gaž, gaby

   Coš-li, ga móžoš. ― If you want, then you may.

   Jo-li tam, ga jo derje. ― If he’s there, then it’s all right.

   Zmejoš-li pjeńeze, dosć změjoš pśijaśelow. ― If you have money, you’ll have plenty of friends.

   Maš-li to na mysli, ga cyń. ― If you’re thinking of it, do it.

• Starosta, Manfred (1999), “-li”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

From lil + -i.

• IPA^(key): /lɪ/

-li

1. to me

-li

1. alternative form of -ly (“adjectival suffix”)

-li

1. alternative form of -ly (“adverbial suffix”)

From Middle High German -līn. Compare Yiddish ־ל (-l).

-li

1. (diminutive) -ling, -let

• Hundli
• Wutzli

-li (first person dual nominative, bound form of ngali)

1. we two

Bound pronouns can be used instead of the regular "long form" pronouns. They act as clitics that attach to the last word of the first noun phrase in the sentence, or the conjunctions ka or munu if present.

• IPA^(key): /li/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -i
• Syllabification: -li

-li

1. (dated) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question

   Synonym: czy

2. (dated) emphatic particle

   Synonyms: -że, -no, -ci, -to

-li

1. virile nominative/vocative plural of -ły

• “-li”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎^[2] (in Polish)

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـلی (-lı, -li, -lu, -lü), from ـلو (-lı, -li, -lu, -lü), from Proto-Turkic *-lig.

• IPA^(key): /li/, /ˈli/

-li

1. with, containing; forms adjectives from nouns. This usage is treated as a "case suffix" and is separated from proper nouns by an apostrophe.

   Antonym: -siz

   ‎kafein (“caffeine”) + ‎-li → ‎kafeinli (“caffeinated, containing caffeine”)

2. of, from; of a nation or place. This usage is treated as a "word-forming suffix" and is not separated from proper nouns by an apostrophe. The demonym formed this way functions equally as an adjective and as a noun. It is commonly encountered in surnames derived from the names of towns and cities.

   ‎İstanbul (“Istanbul”) + ‎-li → ‎İstanbullu (“[a person] from Istanbul”)

   ‎Tokat (“a city in northern Anatolia”) + ‎-li → ‎Tokatlı (“[a person] from Tokat”)

3. Added to sports organizations to form names for their fans.

   ‎Ardahanspor (“a soccer team”) + ‎-li → ‎Ardahansporlu (“a person who supports this team”)

• Stress is carried onto the suffix when appended to a word with stress on the last syllable:

  üzüm /yˈzym/ becomes üzümlü /y.zymˈly/; Kars /ˈkaɾs/ becomes Karslı /kaɾsˈɫɯ/

• Stress doesn't shift when appended to a word that is stressed elsewhere:

  çikolata /t͡ʃi.koˈɫa.ta/ becomes çikolatalı /t͡ʃi.koˈɫa.ta.ɫɯ/; Bursa /ˈbuɾ.sa/ becomes Bursalı /ˈbuɾ.sa.ɫɯ/

• Ladino: -li
• Greek: -λής (-lís)

Inherited from Chagatai ـلیغ (-lığ), ـلیک (-lig), ـلوغ (-luğ), ـلوک (-lüg), from Proto-Turkic *-lig.

-li

1. used to form descriptive adjectives from nouns

• IPA^(key): [li]

From Mandarin 裡／里 (“inside”).

-li

1. Marks the locative case:
   1. in, at (location of an action)

      ggaiggan lhokang-li huaiqa kan-di-li.

      The teacher is reading a book in the classroom.

      (Quoted in Sandman, p. 52)

   2. to (direction of an action; optional for place names)

      ngu rongbo-li qhi-zhe.

      I am going to Longwu.

      (Quoted in Sandman, p. 52)

Janhunen et al. speculates that this is from Mandarin 來／来 (“to come”).

-li

1. An evidential suffix, marking that the subject has personally experienced the event/situation but that they were not personally responsible for instigating the event/situation, or did not have full control over the experience.

• Juha Janhunen, Marja Peltomaa, Erika Sandman, Xiawu Dongzhou (2008), Wutun (LINCOM's Descriptive Grammar Series), volume 466, LINCOM Europa, →ISBN
• Erika Sandman (2016), A Grammar of Wutun‎^[3], University of Helsinki (PhD), →ISBN

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *-dɪ̀ (“to be - irregular verb”)

-li

1. to be in a place
2. to be in a state

• juli (“Class 1 form of "-li"”)
• jili (“Class 9 form of "-li"”)

• Ciyawo - English Dictionary: Dikishonale ja Ŵakulijiganya