je

je

See also: Appendix:Variations of "je"
Languages (46)
Albanian • Bassa • Blagar • Bourguignon • Czech • Dutch • Esperanto • Franco-Provençal • French • Garo • German • Gullah • Haitian Creole • Icelandic • Ido • Igbo • Indonesian • Italian • Japanese • Jersey Dutch • Kari'na • Lashi • Lower Sorbian • Malay • Marshallese • Mbya Guarani • Middle French • Middle Low German • Mokilese • Norwegian Nynorsk • Old Czech • Old French • Polish • Samogitian • Saterland Frisian • Serbo-Croatian • Slovak • Slovene • Spanish • Swahili • Ternate • Turkish • Turkmen • Upper Sorbian • Welsh • West Makian
Page categories

Albanian

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /je/

Verb

je

  1. second-person singular present indicative of jam

Bassa

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [dʒe]

Noun

je

  1. jealousy
  2. a kind of lizard

References

Blagar

Noun

je

  1. canoe

References

Bourguignon

Alternative forms

  • i (normal form)

Etymology

The traditional form is i but je is found as early as in the first recorded texts in Bourguignon. However nowadays, it is rare to find it, most speakers saying i as it is a typical feature of Bourguignon.

Pronoun

je

  1. (rare) alternative form of i
Bourguignon personal pronouns
Number Person Gender Nominative
(subject) 		Inversion Reflexive Accusative
(direct complement) 		Dative
(indirect complement) 		Disjunctive
(tonic) 		Locative
(at) 		Genitive
(of)
Singular First — i (rarely je) -je me, m’ moi — —
Second — tu, t' -tu te, t’ toi — —
Third Masculine ai, before vowels el -ti se, s’ le, l’ lu lu y en
Feminine ale la, l’ lei
Neuter çai -ce çai çai, çan — —
— an -an — — soi — —
Plural First — i (rarely je) -je nos — —
Second — vos -vos vos — —
Third Masculine ai, before vowels el -ti se, s’ les lor lor y en
Feminine ales

Czech

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jь, *ja, *je, originally from Proto-Indo-European *eno-, *ono-, *no-.[cs 1]

Alternative forms

  • ně (prepositional)

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ˈjɛ]
  • Hyphenation: je
  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes: -ɛ

Pronoun

je pl

  1. accusative of oni / ony / ona
    Jak často jste je vídala, paní?
    How often did you see them, madam?

Etymology 2

Formerly jest, from Proto-Slavic *estь, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-.[cs 1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ˈjɛ]
  • Hyphenation: je
  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes: -ɛ

Verb

je

  1. third-person singular present indicative of být

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rejzek, Jiří (2007), Český etymologický slovník (in Czech), Version 1.0 edition, Prague: Leda

Dutch

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /jə/
  • Audio:(file)

Etymology 1

Pronoun

je

  1. subjective unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”)
    Wat doe je daar? ― What are you doing there?
  2. objective unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”)
    Ik doe dit wel voor je. ― I'll do this for you.
    Hoe gaat het met je? — Goed. En met jou?
    How are you? — I'm good. What about you?
  3. subjective unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”)
    Wat doe je daar? ― What are you doing there?
  4. objective unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”)
    Ik doe dit wel voor je. ― I'll do this for you.
  5. (indefinite personal pronoun, informal) one, people, you, someone, anyone; an unspecified individual or group of individuals (as subject or object)
    Je mag hier niet zwemmen. ― Swimming is not allowed here.
    In dat restaurant kun je heerlijk eten. ― There is great food to be had in that restaurant.
    • 1995 May 23, Marleen Barth, “'Politiek moet leren luisteren naar scholen' ['Politicians must learn to listen to schools']”, in Trouw‎[1], page 4:
      „Als je als directeur ondernemend van aard bent en je kunt goed leidinggeven, dan ben je natuurlijk wel gelukkig met meer vrijheid. Maar dat geldt voor veel directeuren niet.(...)"
      "If a headteacher is entrepreneurial by nature and if he or she is a good manager, they'll obviously be happy with more freedom. But this does not apply to many headteachers.(...)"
  6. (personal pronoun, colloquial) I, one; used to talk about oneself indirectly, especially about feelings or personal experiences
    Je gaat wel even een moeilijk periode door, maar je zoekt toch naar een oplossing. ― I did go through a difficult period, but I looked for a solution nonetheless.
    • 1994 December 31, Wang An Oe, “'Voor een paar tientjes was ik ineens directeur' ['For a couple of tenners, I suddenly became a CEO']”, in Leeuwarder Courant‎[2], page 17:
      Het echtpaar Duijm uit Spijkenisse toog zo'n vier maanden geleden naar de Kamer van Koophandel omdat meneer en mevrouw wel wat zagen in een strijkservice. (...) „Voor ƒ 58 inschrijfgeld waren we plotseling directeur en directrice. Na afloop voel je weer de frisse lucht buiten en dan denk je wel even: waar zijn we aan begonnen?"
      About four months ago, Mr and Mrs Duijm from Spijkenisse went to the Chamber of Commerce because the couple saw business potential for an ironing service. (...) "For a ƒ58 registration fee, we were suddenly CEOs. Afterwards, I felt the fresh outside air again and at that moment I did think to myself: what did we get ourselves into?"
    • 2022 October 31, Gummbah, De Volkskrant‎[3] (cartoon), retrieved 23 November 2022:
      Hoe gaat het nou?
      Slecht !... Ja, je hebt toch net je moeder begraven, hè
      How are things?
      Bad! After all, I just buried my mother, right?
Usage notes
  • When je is the unstressed subjective form of jullie, it is construed with a singular verb. Compare:
Het is gevaarlijk, maar jullie moeten weten wat je doet.
It’s dangerous, but you must decide what you’re doing.
  • In informal language, je often replaces jij, jou, and jouw, with those forms used for emphasis or contrast.
Heb je aan je maat gevraagd of ’ie z’n boor voor je kan meenemen? — Ja, hij zei dat ik ’m daarna aan jou mag geven zodat jij ’m voor jouw klusje kunt gebruiken.
Did you ask your mate to bring his drill for you? — Yes, he said I can give it to you afterwards so you can use it for your project.
Declension
Dutch personal pronouns
subject object possessive reflexive genitive5
singular full unstr. full unstr. full unstr. pred.
1st person ik 'k1 mij me mijn m'n1 mijne me mijner, mijns
2nd person jij je jou je jouw je jouwe je jouwer, jouws
2nd person archaic or regiolectal gij ge u – uw – uwe u uwer, uws
2nd person formal u – u – uw – uwe u, zich7 uwer, uws
3rd person masculine hij ie1 hem 'm1 zijn z'n1 zijne zich zijner, zijns
3rd person feminine zij ze haar h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 haar h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 hare zich harer, haars
3rd person neuter het 't1 het 't1 zijn z'n1 zijne zich zijner, zijns
3rd person gender-neutral8 hen – hen – hun – hunne zich hunner, huns
plural full unstr. full unstr. full unstr. pred.
1st person wij we ons – ons, onze2 – onze ons onzer, onzes
2nd person jullie je jullie je jullie je – je –
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6 gij ge u – uw – uwe u uwer, uws
2nd person formal u – u – uw – uwe u, zich7 uwer, uws
3rd person zij ze hen3, hun4 ze hun – hunne zich hunner, huns

1) Not as common in written language.
2) Inflected as an adjective.
3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative).
4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative).
5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions.
6) To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people").
7) Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.'
8) Not officially recognized in standard Dutch. It has gained popularity, especially in mainstream media and queer circles, as a respectful term for non-binary individuals.

Descendants
  • Jersey Dutch: je

Etymology 2

Determiner

je (second person, possessive)

  1. possessive unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”): your (singular)
    Neem je boek en maak die oefening. ― Take your book and do that exercise.
  2. possessive unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”): your (plural), y'all's
    Neem je boeken en maak die oefening. ― Take your books and do that exercise.
Declension
Dutch personal pronouns
subject object possessive reflexive genitive5
singular full unstr. full unstr. full unstr. pred.
1st person ik 'k1 mij me mijn m'n1 mijne me mijner, mijns
2nd person jij je jou je jouw je jouwe je jouwer, jouws
2nd person archaic or regiolectal gij ge u – uw – uwe u uwer, uws
2nd person formal u – u – uw – uwe u, zich7 uwer, uws
3rd person masculine hij ie1 hem 'm1 zijn z'n1 zijne zich zijner, zijns
3rd person feminine zij ze haar h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 haar h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 hare zich harer, haars
3rd person neuter het 't1 het 't1 zijn z'n1 zijne zich zijner, zijns
3rd person gender-neutral8 hen – hen – hun – hunne zich hunner, huns
plural full unstr. full unstr. full unstr. pred.
1st person wij we ons – ons, onze2 – onze ons onzer, onzes
2nd person jullie je jullie je jullie je – je –
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6 gij ge u – uw – uwe u uwer, uws
2nd person formal u – u – uw – uwe u, zich7 uwer, uws
3rd person zij ze hen3, hun4 ze hun – hunne zich hunner, huns

1) Not as common in written language.
2) Inflected as an adjective.
3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative).
4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative).
5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions.
6) To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people").
7) Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.'
8) Not officially recognized in standard Dutch. It has gained popularity, especially in mainstream media and queer circles, as a respectful term for non-binary individuals.

Etymology 3

Pronoun

je (second person, reflexive)

  1. reflexive of jij (“you (singular)”): yourself
    Heb je je gewassen? ― Did you wash yourself?
  2. reflexive of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”): yourselves
    Hebben jullie je goed voorbereid? ― Have you all prepared yourselves well?
Declension
Dutch personal pronouns
subject object possessive reflexive genitive5
singular full unstr. full unstr. full unstr. pred.
1st person ik 'k1 mij me mijn m'n1 mijne me mijner, mijns
2nd person jij je jou je jouw je jouwe je jouwer, jouws
2nd person archaic or regiolectal gij ge u – uw – uwe u uwer, uws
2nd person formal u – u – uw – uwe u, zich7 uwer, uws
3rd person masculine hij ie1 hem 'm1 zijn z'n1 zijne zich zijner, zijns
3rd person feminine zij ze haar h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 haar h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 hare zich harer, haars
3rd person neuter het 't1 het 't1 zijn z'n1 zijne zich zijner, zijns
3rd person gender-neutral8 hen – hen – hun – hunne zich hunner, huns
plural full unstr. full unstr. full unstr. pred.
1st person wij we ons – ons, onze2 – onze ons onzer, onzes
2nd person jullie je jullie je jullie je – je –
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6 gij ge u – uw – uwe u uwer, uws
2nd person formal u – u – uw – uwe u, zich7 uwer, uws
3rd person zij ze hen3, hun4 ze hun – hunne zich hunner, huns

1) Not as common in written language.
2) Inflected as an adjective.
3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative).
4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative).
5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions.
6) To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people").
7) Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.'
8) Not officially recognized in standard Dutch. It has gained popularity, especially in mainstream media and queer circles, as a respectful term for non-binary individuals.

Esperanto

Etymology

From German je (“ever, per”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /je/
  • Audio 1:(file)
  • Audio 2:(file)
  • Audio 3:(file)
  • Rhymes: -e
  • Syllabification: je

Preposition

je

  1. An all-purpose preposition. Specific systematic uses include:
    1. Indicating a time.
      Ŝi alvenos je la tria.
      She will arrive at three o'clock.
    2. Indicating swearing by or invoking something.
      Je Dio!
      By God!
      Je via sano!
      To your health! Cheers!

Usage notes

The preposition je can replace any other preposition and remain grammatically correct, albeit more ambiguous. It is usually clear what meaning is intended based on context.

It is most useful for prepositional phrases not involving a literal physical connection, and instead, the correct preposition in the source language is mandated by convention only:

"He bets on the horses." (He doesn't place his money on the physical body of the horse.)
"I typed it on the computer." (It was actually typed using the computer.)
"She'll be here in a minute." (She'll be here within or after a minute.)

Without context, Donu ĝin je mi could mean any of the following:

Donu ĝin je [al] mi. — “Give it to me.”
Donu ĝin je [el] mi. — “Give it from me.”
Donu ĝin je [kun] mi. — “Give it with me.”

Without context, La kato saltis je la tablon could mean any of the following:

La kato saltis je [sur] la tablon. — “The cat jumped onto the table.”
La kato saltis je [sub] la tablon. — “The cat jumped under the table.”
La kato saltis je [malantaŭ] la tablon. — “The cat jumped behind the table.”
  • je la tria
  • je mia bedaŭro

Further reading

Franco-Provençal

Etymology

Inherited from Late Latin eo.

Pronoun

je (prevocalic j', postpositive -jo) (ORB, broad)

  1. I (first-person singular nominative)

See also

Franco-Provençal personal pronouns
nominative accusative dative tonic1 possessive2
singular 1st person jo mè min
2nd person te tè tin
3rd person masculine il lo / le lui sin
feminine el la lyé
neuter o y —
reflexive — sè
plural 1st person nos noutro
2nd person vos voutro
3rd person masculine ils los / les lor lor
feminine els les lor / lyés
reflexive — sè

1 Disjunctive or object of a preposition.   2 Generally preceded by a definite article.

References

  • je in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
  • je in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

French

Alternative forms

  • (North America, colloquial) ej

Etymology

From Middle French je, from Old French je, from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.

Pronunciation

Pronoun

je (first person singular, plural nous, object me, emphatic moi, possessive determiner mon)

  1. I

Usage notes

  • When several pronouns are included in the same sentence, it is considered impolite to say the pronoun je first; it must be the last one, and tu must be said after third persons (this applies also for toi and moi):
    • Nous irons, Rose, toi et moi.
      We will go, Rose, you and I.

Derived terms

French personal pronouns
number person gender nominative
(subject) 		accusative
(direct complement) 		dative
(indirect complement) 		locative
(at) 		genitive
(of) 		disjunctive
(tonic)1 		emphatic
reflexive
singular first — je, j’ me, m’ — — moi moi-même
second — tu te, t’ — — toi toi-même
third masculine il2 le, l’ lui y en lui lui-même
feminine elle la, l’ elle elle-même
indeterminate on3, l’on (formal), ce4, c’, ça — — — — — —
reflexive — se, s’5 — — soi soi-même
plural first — nous nous — — nous nous-mêmes
second6 — vous vous — — vous vous-mêmes,
vous-même6
third masculine ils7 les leur y en eux7 eux-mêmes7
feminine elles elles elles-mêmes

1 The disjunctive (tonic) forms are also used after an explicit preposition (de/d’, à, pour, chez, dans, vers, sur, sous, ...), instead the accusative, dative, genitive, locative, or reflexive forms, where a preposition is implied.
2 Il is also used as an impersonal nominative-only pronoun.
3 On can also function as a first person plural (although agreeing with third person singular verb forms).
4 The nominal indeterminate form ce (demonstrative) can also be used with the auxiliary verb être as a plural, instead of the proximal or distal gendered forms.
5 The reflexive third person singular forms (se or s’) for accusative or dative are also used as third person plural reflexive.
6 Vous is also used as the polite singular form, in which case the plural disjunctive tonic vous-mêmes becomes singular vous-même.
7 Ils, eux and eux-mêmes are also used when a group has a mixture of masculine and feminine members.

Further reading

Garo

Etymology

Likely borrowed from Bengali যেই (jei)

Pronoun

je

  1. that which
  2. whatever
  3. whoever

References

  • Burling, R. (2003), The Language of the Modhupur Mandi (Garo) Vol. II: The Lexicon‎[4], Bangladesh: University of Michigan, page 56

German

Etymology

    From Middle High German ie, from Old High German io.

    Pronunciation

    Adverb

    je

    1. ever
      • 1930, Paul Joachimsen, Der Humanismus und die Entwicklung des deutschen Geistes, in: Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, 8, page 467:
        Und nun kommt die Reformation selbst. Die größte geistige Umwälzung, die je ein Volk des Abendlandes erlebt hat.
        And now comes the Reformation itself. The largest spiritual upheaval that was ever experienced by a nation of the Occident.
    2. per
    3. (with “desto”, “umso” or (dated) “je”) the
      je mehr, desto besser ― the more the better
      je früher, umso besser ― the sooner the better

    Derived terms

    • je länger je lieber (“the longer it lasts, the more I like it”)
    • je nach
    • je nachdem

    Further reading

    • “je”, in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache‎[5] (in German)
    • Friedrich Kluge (1883), “je”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891

    Gullah

    Gullah numbers (edit)
     ←  4 5 6  → 
        African Cardinal: je
        American Cardinal: fibe
        Ordinal: fibe
        Adverbial: fuh fibe
        Multiplier: fibe-time
        Collective: allfibe

    Etymology

    From Fula je and juwi.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /d͡ʒɛː/

    Adjective

    je

    1. fifth

    Number

    je

    1. five

    Usage notes

    • Gullah communicates both the number and its ordinal adjective in the same word.

    References

    • Lorenzo Dow Turner, Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect (1969)

    Haitian Creole

    Etymology

    From earlier zye, from Saint Dominican Creole French z'yeu, from French les yeux (“the eyes”).

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ʒe/

    Noun

    je

    1. eye
      Alternative form: zye

    References

    • Targète, Jean; Urciolo, Raphael (1993), Haitian Creole-English Dictionary‎[6], Dunwoody Press, →ISBN, page 81

    Icelandic

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /jɛː/
    • Rhymes: -ɛː

    Etymology 1

    Shortening of Jesús (“Jesus”).

    Interjection

    je

    1. oh my!
    Derived terms

    Etymology 2

    Borrowed from English yeah.

    Interjection

    je

    1. (slang, dated) yeah (indicating enthusiastic appreciation, etc.)

    Etymology 3

    Noun

    je n (genitive singular jes, nominative plural je)

    1. (obsolete) name of the letter J, j
      Synonym: joð
    Declension
    Declension of je (neuter)
    singular plural
    indefinite definite indefinite definite
    nominative je jeið je jein
    accusative je jeið je jein
    dative jei jeinu jeum jeunum
    genitive jes jesins jea jeanna

    Ido

    Etymology

    From j +‎ -e.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ʒe/, /ʒɛ/

    Noun

    je (plural je-i)

    1. The name of the Latin script letter J/j.

    See also

    Igbo

    Alternative forms

    Verb

    je

    1. go
    2. walk

    Derived terms

    Indonesian

    Etymology

    From Dutch jee. Doublet of ye. Represented Dutch-derived J (pronounced /j/, modern Y) before 1972.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /d͡ʒe/, [d͡ʒe]

    Noun

    jé (plural je-je)

    1. The name of the Latin script letter J/j.
    2. (1901–1947, 1947–1972) superseded spelling of ye

    See also

    Further reading

    Italian

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ˈje/
    • Rhymes: -e
    • Hyphenation: jé

    Pronoun

    je (dialectal, Romanesco and central Italy)

    1. alternative form of gli (3rd-person masculine singular dative pronoun; 3rd-person masculine/feminine plural dative pronoun)
    2. alternative form of le (3rd-person feminine singular dative pronoun)

    Japanese

    Romanization

    je

    1. The katakana syllable ジェ (je) in Hepburn romanization.
    2. The katakana syllable ヂェ (je) in Hepburn romanization.

    Jersey Dutch

    Alternative forms

    Etymology

    From Dutch je.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /jə/

    Pronoun

    je

    1. you (second-person singular subjective personal pronoun)

    Kari'na

    Etymology

    From Proto-Cariban *ô, *jô; compare Apalaí je, Trió je, Wayana je, Waiwai yo, Akawaio ö, Macushi ye, Pemon ye, Ye'kwana yedü / dhedü, Yao (South America) hoieelii.

    Pronunciation

    Noun

    je (possessed jery)

    1. tooth
    2. sharpness

    References

    • Courtz, Hendrik (2008), A Carib grammar and dictionary‎[7], Toronto: Magoria Books, →ISBN, page 285
    • Ahlbrinck, Willem (1931), “ye”, in Encyclopaedie der Karaïben, Amsterdam: Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, page 548; republished as Willem Ahlbrinck, Doude van Herwijnen, transl., L'Encyclopédie des Caraïbes‎[8], Paris, 1956, page 537

    Lashi

    Pronunciation

    • (Waingmaw) IPA(key): [d͡ʑe˧˧]
    • Hyphenation: je

    Adverb

    je

    1. Used to form comparisons: more
      • 2005, “Apoem ayang꞉ 25:23 [Genesis 25:23]”, in Jhoem꞉ mougsougˮ [The Book of the Bible]‎[9], page 28:
        dayug su꞉ gi dayug su꞉ thoʼ je yoem꞉ boo wa nghoid
        The one will be stronger than the other

    References

    • Hkaw Luk (2017), A grammatical sketch of Lacid‎[10], Chiang Mai: Payap University (master thesis), page 121

    Lower Sorbian

    Alternative forms

    • nje (after a preposition)

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /jɛ/

    Pronoun

    je

    1. accusative of wóni

    Malay

    Etymology 1

    Phonetic spelling of ja in Johor-Riau Malay, clipping of sahaja or saja.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /d͡ʒə/
    • Rhymes: -ə

    Adverb

    je

    1. (informal) alternative form of sahaja

    Etymology 2

    From English jay.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ˈd͡ʒe/ [ˈd͡ʒe]

    Noun

    jé (plural je-je or je2)

    1. The name of the Latin script letter J/j.
    Synonyms
    • je (Indonesian)
    • jim (Jawi letter name)
    See also

    Marshallese

    Etymology

    From Proto-Micronesian *tia, from Proto-Oceanic *tian, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tian, from Proto-Austronesian *tiaN.

    Pronunciation

    Noun

    je

    1. abdomen
    2. stomach
    3. innard

    References

    • Abo, Takaji; Bender Byron W.; Capelle, Alfred; DeBrum, Tony (2009–), “je”, in Marshallese–English Online Dictionary‎[11]

    Mbya Guarani

    Particle

    je

    1. indicates hearsay or indirect source of information.
      Mboapy'i je oo jepe raka'e.
      It is said that few could escape.

    Middle French

    Pronoun

    je

    1. alternative form of ie

    Middle Low German

    Pronunciation

    • Stem vowel: ê⁴
      • (originally) IPA(key): /jeː/

    Pronoun

    jê

    1. alternative form of gî

    Mokilese

    Verb

    je

    1. to shout

    References

    • Harrison, Sheldon P.; Albert, Salich Y. (1977), Mokilese-English Dictionary‎[12], Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii, →ISBN, page 70

    Norwegian Nynorsk

    Etymology

    Borrowed from Old East Norse jak.(Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /jeː/, /jɛː/, /jæː/
    • IPA(key): /jeːɡ/, /jeː/ (rare, Northern Romerike)

    Pronoun

    je (accusative meg or (dialectal) me)

    1. (pre-1938 or dialectal) alternative form of eg (“I”)

    See also

    Norwegian Nynorsk personal pronouns
    first person second person reflexive third person
    masculine feminine neuter
    singular nominative eg, je1 du — han ho det, dat2
    accusative meg deg seg han, honom ho, henne det, dat2
    dative2 meg deg seg honom henne di2
    genitive min din sin hans hennar, hennes1 dess3
    plural nominative me, vi de, dokker — dei
    accusative oss, okk dykk, dokker seg dei, deim2
    dative oss, okk dykk, dokker seg deim2
    genitive vår, okkar dykkar, dokkar sin deira, deires1

    1Obsolete. 2Landsmål. 3Rare or literary. Italic forms unofficial today.

    Old Czech

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): (13th CE) /ˈjɛ/
    • IPA(key): (15th CE) /ˈjɛ/

    Pronoun

    je

    1. singular accusative of ono

    Old French

    Alternative forms

    Etymology

    Inherited from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.

    Pronoun

    je

    1. I
      • c. 1176, Chrétien de Troyes, Cligès:
        qant je vos voi de tel meniere
        when I see you in such a state

    Descendants

    Descendants
    • Angevin: je
    • Bourbonnais-Berrichon: je
    • Bourguignon: i, je
    • Champenois: ju, je, jou
    • Franc-Comtois: i
    • Middle French: ie, je, i', j' (elided)
    • Gallo: je
    • Lorrain: i, idj, jge, dje, jé
    • Orléanais: je
    • Picard: ej, jou
    • Poitevin-Saintongeais: jhe
    • Walloon: dji

    References

    Polish

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ˈjɛ/
    • Audio:(file)
    • Rhymes: -ɛ
    • Syllabification: je

    Etymology 1

    Pronoun

    je

    1. accusative of one
    2. accusative of ono

    See also

    • Appendix:Polish pronouns

    Etymology 2

    Verb

    je

    1. third-person singular present indicative of jeść

    Etymology 3

    Verb

    je

    1. (colloquial) third-person singular present indicative of być

    Samogitian

    Etymology

    Compare Lithuanian jei.

    Conjunction

    je

    1. if

    References

    • “Žemaičių Žodynas”, in Žemaičių žemė‎[13] (overall work in Lithuanian), 2012, page 19: “Je — jeigu, jei”

    Saterland Frisian

    Etymology

    From Old Frisian jē, from Proto-West Germanic *jā. Cognates include West Frisian ja and German ja. Doublet of jee and jä.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /jə/
    • Hyphenation: je
    • Rhymes: -ə

    Particle

    je

    1. Used to intensify a statement to express it is a known fact; obviously, of course

    References

    • Marron C. Fort (2015), “je”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

    Serbo-Croatian

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /je/

    Etymology 1

    Shortened from jȅst (“is”).

    Verb

    je ? (Cyrillic spelling је)

    1. is (clitic third-person singular present of bȉti (“to be”))

    Etymology 2

    Pronoun

    je ? (Cyrillic spelling је)

    1. of her (clitic genitive singular of òna (“she”))
    2. her (clitic accusative singular of òna (“she”))
    Declension
    Inflection of 3rd-person pronouns
    singular plural
    masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
    nominative ȏn òna òno òni òne òna
    genitive njȅga, ga njȇ, je njȅga, ga njȋh, ih njȋh, ih njȋh, ih
    dative njȅmu, mu njȏj, joj njȅmu, mu njȉma, im njȉma, im njȉma, im
    accusative njȅga, ga, nj njȗ, ju, je njȅga, ga, nj njȋh, ih njȋh, ih njȋh, ih
    vocative — — — — — —
    locative njȅm, njȅmu njȏj njȅm, njȅmu njȉma njȉma njȉma
    instrumental njȋm, njíme njȏm, njóme njȋm, njíme njȉma njȉma njȉma

    Slovak

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /je/, [je]
    • Rhymes: -e

    Etymology 1

    The older jest, derived from Proto-Slavic *estь, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-.

    Verb

    je

    1. third-person singular present indicative of byť

    Etymology 2

    Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ěstь, 3rd person singular present form of *ěsti (“to eat”). See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

    Verb

    je

    1. third-person singular present indicative of jesť

    Slovene

    Pronunciation 1

    • IPA(key): /jɛ́/

    Verb

    jȅ

    1. third-person singular present of bíti

    Pronunciation 2

    • IPA(key): /jèː/

    Verb

    jẹ́

    1. third-person singular present of jẹ́sti

    Spanish

    Etymology

    Onomatopoeic.

    Interjection

    je

    1. Used to represent laughter, mockery or disbelief; heh.

    Usage notes

    • When used to express laughter, the word may be reduplicated in order to suggest expressive or sincere laughter.

    Further reading

    Swahili

    Pronunciation

    Particle

    je

    1. well? now? (used to call attention to a question)

    Usage notes

    Je precedes the question, and is more commonly used in writing (to supplement for what is usually conveyed by tone of voice in speech).

    Adverb

    -je

    1. A clitic placed at the end of a verb, meaning how.
      umelalaje?
      how did you sleep?

    Ternate

    Etymology

    Clipping of waje.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /d͡ʒe/

    Conjunction

    je

    1. alternative form of waje (“complementizer, that”)
      ana iwaje je kolano osone ― they say that the king is dead

    References

    • Rika Hayami-Allen (2001), A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

    Turkish

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ˈʒe/

    Noun

    je (definite accusative jeyi, plural jeler)

    1. The name of the Latin script letter J/j.

    See also

    Turkmen

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /d͡ʒe/

    Noun

    je (definite accusative jeni, plural jeler)

    1. The name of the Latin script letter J/j.

    Declension

    Declension of je
    singular plural
    nominative je jeler
    accusative jäni jeleri
    genitive jäniň jeleriň
    dative jä jelere
    locative jede jelerde
    ablative jeden jelerden

    Upper Sorbian

    Etymology

    Inherited from Proto-Slavic *estь, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ˈjɛ/
    • Rhymes: -ɛ
    • Syllabification: je

    Verb

    je

    1. third-person singular present of być
      Wón je zadołženy.
      He is in debt.

    Welsh

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /dʒeː/

    Noun

    je f (plural jeau, not mutable)

    1. The name of the Latin script letter J/j.

    See also

    West Makian

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ˈd͡ʒe/

    Numeral

    je

    1. attaches to pronouns to form the dual
      ini je ― you two
      eme je ― they two

    References

    • Clemens Voorhoeve (1982), The Makian languages and their neighbours‎[14], Pacific linguistics
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