s-

Abbreviation of scalar (“particle with spin 0”).

• IPA^(key): /s/

s-

1. (physics) Subatomic particles with a spin (quantum angular momentum) of 0, predicted by supersymmetry; the bosonic equivalent of known fermions.

Abbreviation of sec- (“secondary”).

• IPA^(key): /ɛs/

s-

1. (organic chemistry) secondary form

   Synonym: sec-

   Coordinate terms: (normal form) n-, (tertiary form) t-

Abbreviation of super.

• IPA^(key): /s/

s-

1. Super.

Compare Navajo sh-

s-

1. marks a first person singular possessor; my

   ‎s- + ‎-taʼ (“father”) → ‎staʼ (“my father”)

2. marks a first person singular object of a postposition

   ‎s- + ‎-kʼe (“on”) → ‎skʼe (“on me”)

• es-
• sii

• Kari, James (1990), Ahtna Athabaskan Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 35

s-

1. intensifier

• -hs-

s-

1. second person agent pronominal prefix; you

• Marianne Mithun; Reginald Henry (1982), Wadęwayę́stanih - A Cayuga Teaching Grammar, 3rd edition, Woodland Cultural Centre, published 2015, page 54

s used as a prefix.

s-

1. a prefix, usually indicating either movement together or movement downwards
2. direction from top down

   ‎s- + ‎jít → ‎sejít

   Sešel dolů. ― He came down.

3. direction toward the middle

   ‎s- + ‎jít → ‎sejít

   Sejdeme se zítra. ― We will gather tomorrow.

• roz-

• s

• “s-”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
• s(e)- in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

From Proto-Afroasiatic *s- (causative prefix). Compare Central Atlas Tamazight ⵙⵙ- (ss-).

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /sɛ/
  • Conventional anglicization: se-

1. Used to form a causative verb from a non-causative verb.

• James P[eter] Allen (2010), Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 157.

In most cases, this prefix stems from Latin ex- (see ex). In some cases, it stems from Latin dis-.^[1]

• IPA^(key): /s/ (before voiceless consonants)
• IPA^(key): /z/ (before voiced consonants)

s-

1. used to form words that have an opposing sense: un-, in-

   ‎s- + ‎fatto (“done”, “made”) → ‎sfatto (“(of a bed) unmade”)

2. used to form verbs that have a sense of undoing an action: de-, dis-, un-

   ‎s- + ‎gancio (“hook”) → ‎sganciare (“to unhook”)

   ‎s- + ‎borsa (“bag”) → ‎sborsare (“to disburse”)

3. used to express a pejorative sense

   ‎s- + ‎bocca (“mouth”) → ‎sboccato (“foul-mouthed”)

4. used to form verbs with a sense of exit, separation: dis-, ex-, trans-

   ‎s- + ‎buco (“hole”) → ‎sbucare (“to pop out”)

   ‎s- + ‎confine (“boundary”) → ‎sconfinare (“to stray away from”)

5. used in a privative sense: a-, de-, un-

   ‎s- + ‎buccia (“skin”, “peel”) → ‎sbucciare (“to peel”)

   ‎s- + ‎fame (“hunger”) → ‎sfamare (“to feed”, “to satiate”)

6. used to derive verbs from a noun, adjective or verb

   ‎s- + ‎bianco (“white”) → ‎sbiancare (“to whiten or bleach”)

   ‎s- + ‎gocciola (“droplet”) → ‎sgocciolare (“to drip”)

7. used as an intensifier

   ‎s- + ‎cacciare (“to hunt”, “to drive away”) → ‎scacciare (“to expel”, “to drive away”)

8. reduced form of dis-

   discendere (“to descend”) → scendere

• Often used to prefix words beginning with a consonant. Dis- rather than s- is often preferred before vowels.

• dis-

Inherited from Old Javanese sa-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

• IPA^(key): /sa/, /sə/

s-

1. one

• ꦱ- (sa-)
• ꦱꦼ- (se-)

From Proto-Athabaskan. Cognate with Ahtna es-, Navajo shi-.

• IPA^(key): /s/

s-

1. Marks a first-person singular possessor; my, mine

   seka' ― my foot

   segezra' ― my cane

2. Marks a first-person singular object of a postposition; me

   sek'edha ― away from me

3. Marks a first-person singular direct object of a verb; me

   sidhtr'et ― he scratched me

• es-
• si

• Kari, James et al. (2024), Kari, James, editor, Lower Tanana Dene Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 496

s-

1. Added to a verb to form a noun.

   ‎s- + ‎ʔəɬəd (“eat”) → ‎sʔəɬəd (“food”)

• IPA^(key): /s/

s-

1. alternative form of il-

• Used after a vowel and before the letter s. For details on usage, see the main lemma.

From Proto-North Iroquoian *se, ultimately from Proto-Iroquoian *hsi.

• se- (before n-, r-, w-, and ’-stems)

s-

1. pronominal prefix for

   you _____

From Proto-North Iroquoian *ts, ultimately from Proto-Iroquoian *ts.

-	Initial consonant
Environment	t/s/h/k	n/r/w/’	a	e/en	o/on	i	y
Word-Initial	s-	se-	s-	s-	s-	ts-	ts-

s-

1. singulative noun prefix
2. iterative verb prefix

• Gunther Michelson (1973), A thousand words of Mohawk, University of Ottawa Press, page 9
• Nora Deering; Helga H. Delisle (1976), Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, pages 146, 344

• IPA^(key): /s-/

s-

1. alternative form of si-, which marks third person of si-perfective verbs

• This form of the affix is used with ł-, l-, and d- classifier verbs.

Inherited from Latin ex-.

s-

1. privative or negative affix that attaches to verbs

s- (class A infixed pronoun, triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others)

1. her (object pronoun)
2. them

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /s/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /s/

s-

1. alternative form of z-

• zo-, z-

Merger of Proto-Slavic *sъ(n)- (“with, con-”), Proto-Slavic *jьz- (“from, out of”) and (partially) Proto-Slavic *vъz- (“up, back”). Cf. z, s and vz-. Cognate with Old Czech z-, s-, vz-.

s-

1. alternative form of z- used before voiceless consonants

   ‎s- + ‎čítať (“to count”) → ‎sčítať (“to add up/sum up”)

   ‎s- + ‎pliesť (“to weave/braid”) → ‎spliesť (“to intertwine/braid together”)

   ‎s- + ‎tlačiť (“to press”) → ‎stlačiť (“to compress/press together”)

   ‎s- + ‎padať (“to fall”) → ‎spadnúť (“to fall down”)

   ‎s- + ‎kosiť (“to mow”) → ‎skosiť (“to mow down”)

   ‎s- + ‎tiahnuť (“to pull/drag”) → ‎stiahnuť (“to pull down/strip off”)

   ‎s- + ‎ťať (“to chop/hew”) → ‎sťať (“to behead/hew down”)

   ‎s- + ‎tvrdý (“hard”) → ‎stvrdnúť (“to harden/become hard”)

   ‎s- + ‎chudý (“thin/poor”) → ‎schudnúť (“to lose weight/become thin”)

   ‎s- + ‎pevný (“firm”) → ‎spevnieť (“to become firm/strengthen”)

   ‎s- + ‎krátky (“short”) → ‎skrátiť (“to shorten”)

   ‎s- + ‎kríknuť (“to shout”) → ‎skríknuť (“to shout out/shriek suddeny”)

   ‎s- + ‎páliť (“to burn”) → ‎spáliť (“to burn down/consume by fire”)

   ‎s- + ‎kaziť (“to spoil”) → ‎skaziť (“to ruin/corrupt”)

   ‎s- + ‎konať (“to do/act”) → ‎skonať (“to pass away/finish life”)

   ‎s- + ‎plniť (“to fill”) → ‎splniť (“to fulfill/complete”)

• Slovak: s-

Cognate with Guajá, Mbya Guarani, and Paraguayan Guarani h-.

• IPA^(key): /s/

s-

1. serves as a dummy pronoun in pluriform transitive verbs

   Coordinate term: i (with nonpluriform verbs)

   ‎a- (first-person prefix) + ‎s- + ‎aûsub (“to love”) → ‎asaûsub (“I love it”)

2. forms the R2 form of IIa, IIc, IId and IIe class adjectives and verbs

   ‎s- + ‎oka (“house”) → ‎soka (“their house”)

3. forms the absolute form of IIe class adjectives and verbs

   ‎s- + ‎akã (“branch”) → ‎sakã (“the branch”)

• Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida (2013), “s-”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil ] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 435, column 1

s-

1. second person agent pronominal prefix; you

• Floyd Lounsbury (1953), Oneida Verb Morphology, Yale University Press, pages 59-60

• IPA^(key): /s/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -s
• Syllabification: s-
• Homophones: z, z-

s-

1. used before voiceless consonants to form a verb in a perfective aspect from a verb in an imperfective aspect

   ‎s- + ‎całkować → ‎scałkować

   ‎s- + ‎chłodzić → ‎schłodzić

2. used before voiceless consonants to mean "in a downward direction"

   ‎s- + ‎chodzić → ‎schodzić

3. used before voiceless consonants to mean "off, off the surface of", "away from", or "out of"

   Antonym: na-

   ‎s- + ‎chodzić → ‎schodzić

• “s-”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎^[1] (in Polish)

s- (Tifinagh spelling ⵙ-)

1. allomorph of ss-

Used when the prefix is immediately followed by a consonant.

• sa- (before affricates, fricatives and certain consonant clusters)

s- (Cyrillic spelling с-)

1. Prepended to verbs, usually forming a perfective from an imperfective verb.

   ‎s- + ‎pùstiti → ‎spùstiti

   ‎s- + ‎znȁti → ‎sàznati

   ‎s- + ‎lòmiti → ‎slòmiti

   ‎s- + ‎glȅdati → ‎sàgledati

   ‎s- + ‎kȕpiti → ‎skȕpiti

   ‎s- + ‎klòniti → ‎sklòniti

   ‎s- + ‎náći → ‎snȃći

• “s-”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

• zo-, z-

Inherited from Old Slovak s-. First attested in the 15th century.^[1] Cf. s.

• IPA^(key): /s/, [s]

s-

1. alternative form of z- used before voiceless consonants

   ‎s- + ‎čítať (“to count”) → ‎sčítať (“to add up/sum up”)

   ‎s- + ‎pliesť (“to weave/braid”) → ‎spliesť (“to intertwine/braid together”)

   ‎s- + ‎tlačiť (“to press”) → ‎stlačiť (“to compress/press together”)

   ‎s- + ‎padať (“to fall”) → ‎spadnúť (“to fall down”)

   ‎s- + ‎kosiť (“to mow”) → ‎skosiť (“to mow down”)

   ‎s- + ‎tiahnuť (“to pull/drag”) → ‎stiahnuť (“to pull down/strip off”)

   ‎s- + ‎ťať (“to chop/hew”) → ‎sťať (“to behead/hew down”)

   ‎s- + ‎tvrdý (“hard”) → ‎stvrdnúť (“to harden/become hard”)

   ‎s- + ‎chudý (“thin/poor”) → ‎schudnúť (“to lose weight/become thin”)

   ‎s- + ‎pevný (“firm”) → ‎spevnieť (“to become firm/strengthen”)

   ‎s- + ‎krátky (“short”) → ‎skrátiť (“to shorten”)

   ‎s- + ‎kríknuť (“to shout”) → ‎skríknuť (“to shout out/shriek suddeny”)

   ‎s- + ‎páliť (“to burn”) → ‎spáliť (“to burn down/consume by fire”)

   ‎s- + ‎kaziť (“to spoil”) → ‎skaziť (“to ruin/corrupt”)

   ‎s- + ‎konať (“to do/act”) → ‎skonať (“to pass away/finish life”)

   ‎s- + ‎plniť (“to fill”) → ‎splniť (“to fulfill/complete”)

• The choice between z-, s-, and zo- is (since the orthographic reform of 1953 and also historically) primarily governed by phonological rules:
  • The choice between z- and s- is determined by regressive assimilation of voice.
    • s- is used before voiceless consonants (e.g., skončiť, spísať).
    • z- is used before voiced consonants, sonorants, or vowels (e.g., zbaliť, zmeniť, zžiť).
  • The vocalized variant zo- is used mainly to avoid difficult consonant clusters.
    • It is standard before words beginning with sibilants (s, z, š, ž; e.g., zošiť).
    • It is also used in some cases before other consonants and consonant clusters where the -o- acts as a historical jer reflex (e.g., zoradiť).

• Peciar, Štefan, editor (1959–1968), “s-”, in Slovník slovenského jazyka [Dictionary of the Slovak Language] (in Slovak), volumes 1–6 (A – Ž; Doplnky, Dodatky), Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo SAV, →OCLC

From Proto-Athabaskan *s-. Cognate with Hupa s-. Compare also Navajo si-.

s-

1. Marks the perfective mode

• s- is used in third person verbs without classifiers, first person singular verbs with classifiers, and some impersonal forms; otherwise, it is generally realized as si-.
• Before root initial /tʃ/, this prefix is palatalized to /ʃ/.

• ɣin-
• ɣees-

• Begay, Kayla Rae (2017), Wailaki Grammar, University of California, Berkeley, page 179