mu-

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

mu-

1. Class 3 noun prefix.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

mu-

1. Class 1 simple noun prefix.
2. Class 3 simple noun prefix.
3. Class 18 noun prefix.

• Reverend E. Hoch (1998), Bemba - English/English - Bemba‎^[1], Hippocrene Books, page 213

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

mu-

1. Class 1 noun prefix.
2. Class 3 noun prefix.
3. Class 18 noun prefix.

• Yuko Abe (2006), A Bende Vocabulary‎^[2], Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, page v

• IPA^(key): /mu/ [mʊ]

mu- (perfect ming-, mi-, ni-)

1. alternative form of mo-

• IPA^(key): /mu/

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

mu-

1. second-person plural subject concord, you, you all

The second person plural is also used as a term for respect.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

mu-

1. Class 1 noun prefix
2. Class 3 noun prefix
3. Class 18 noun prefix

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ́-

mu-

1. Class 18 subject concord.

Inherited from Proto-Sabaki *mu-, from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀- (“class 1 noun prefix”).

mu-

1. Class 1 noun prefix.

Inherited from Proto-Sabaki *mu-, from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀- (“class 3 noun prefix”).

mu-

1. Class 3 noun prefix.

Inherited from Proto-Sabaki *mu-, from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀- (“class 18 noun prefix”).

mu-

1. Class 18 noun prefix.

• Joseph Mwalonya, Alison Nicolle, Steve Nicolle, Juma Zimbu, Mgombato. Digo-English-Swahili Dictionary (2005), page 208

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

mu-

1. Class 1 noun prefix.
2. Class 3 noun prefix.

• Paul Helmlinger, Dictionnaire Duala - Français (1972) page XII

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

mu-

1. Class 18 noun prefix.

• m-, mw-

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-. Compare Swahili m-.

mu-

1. Class 1 noun prefix. (plural ba-)
2. Class 3 noun prefix. (plural mi-)

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

mu-

1. Class 18 noun prefix.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀- (“Class 18 noun prefix”).

mu-

1. Class 18 noun prefixes.

• Wilhelm J.G. Möhlig, Lutz Marten, Jekura U. Kavari (2002), A Grammatical Sketch of Herero (Otjiherero)‎^[3], Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, page 31

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

mu-

1. Class 3 simple noun prefix.

• Obhohunyurëru 12:1 - "mo-mutu" translates as "on her head", showing that when class 3 nouns use the locative case (in this case, class 18), they lose the initial vowel prefix before the noun [i.e. 'o' in omutu disappears].

mu-

1. Rōmaji transcription of む

• m-

mu-

1. you plural (used for conjugating verbs to the subjective or nominative case of the personal pronoun)

• u-

mu-

1. second person singular nominative proclitic

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

mu-

1. Class 1 noun prefix
2. Class 3 noun prefix.

• Ernst Dammann, Studien zum Kwangali: Grammatik, Texte, Glossar, 2019 - pages 8 & 10

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

mu-

1. Class 1 simple noun prefix.
2. Class 3 simple noun prefix.
3. Class 18 noun prefix.

• Arthur Cornwallis Madan (1908), Lala-Lamba Handbook: A Short Introduction to the South-Western Division of the Wisa-Lala Dialect of Northern Rhodesia with Stories and Vocabulary‎^[4], Oxford Clarendon Press, pages 11, 14

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

mu-

1. Class 1 noun prefix.
2. Class 3 noun prefix.
3. Class 18 noun prefix.

• mw-

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

mu-

1. Class 1 noun prefix.
2. Class 3 noun prefix.

• Ellomwe-English Vocabulary, page 5

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀- (“Class 1, 3 & 18 noun prefix”)

mu-

1. Class 1 noun prefix.
2. Class 3 noun prefix.
3. Class 18 noun prefix.

Yoneda does not state that 'mu-' is the Class 3 noun prefix, rather leaving it blank. However, in light of other Bantuists stating that 'mu-' is the Class 3 noun prefix, it is likely that this is also the case in Matengo.

• Nobuko Yoneda (2006), A Classified Vocabulary of the Matengo Language‎^[5], Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, page xi

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀- (“Class 1, 13, 18 noun prefix”).

mu-

1. Class 1 noun prefix.
2. Class 3 noun prefix.
3. Class 18 noun prefix.

• R.C.Wynne (1980), English-Mbukushu Dictionary‎^[6], Avebury Publishing Company Limited, page xvii, xviii

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

mu-

1. Class 3 noun prefix.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

mu-

1. Class 1 noun prefix.
2. Class 3 noun prefix.
3. Class 18 noun prefix.

• Eva-Marie Störm, The Ndengeleko language of Tanzania, page 125

• um-, m-

Inherited from Old Tupi mo-.

mu-

1. forms causative verbs from verbs

• Avila, Marcel Twardowsky (2021), “mu-”, in Proposta de dicionário nheengatu-português [Nheengatu–Portuguese dictionary proposal] (in Portuguese), São Paulo: USP, →DOI, page 491

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

mu-

1. him, her, it; class 1 object concord.

The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

mu-

1. Simple class 1 noun prefix.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

mu-

1. Class 18 noun prefix.

From Proto-Bantu *jʊ̀-mʊ̀-.

mu-

1. Class 1 noun prefix.

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

mu-

1. him, her, it; class 1 object concord.
2. him, her, it; class 3 object concord.

From Proto-Bantu *gʊ́-mʊ̀-.

mu-

1. Class 3 noun prefix.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀- (“Class 1 & 3 noun prefix”).

mu-

1. Class 1 noun prefix.
2. Class 3 noun prefix.

• Yasutoshi Yukawa (2006), A Classified Vocabulary of the Punu Language‎^[7], Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, page iii

mu-

1. you, second-person plural subject concord.
2. Augmentless form of umu- (“class 1 or 3 noun prefix”)
3. class 1 or 3 concord prefix for adjectives

• mw- (before a vowel)

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

mu-

1. Class 1 noun prefix.
2. Class 3 noun prefix.

• August Seidel (1895), Handbuch der Shambala-sprache in Usambara, Deutsch-Ostafrika. Mit Texten, einem Shambala-Deutschen und einem Deutsch-Shambala-Wörterbuch‎^[8], Dresden-Leipzig, page 2

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *jʊ̀-mʊ̀-.

mu-

1. Class 1 noun prefix.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *gʊ́-mʊ̀-.

mu-

1. Class 3 noun prefix.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀- (“Class 18 noun prefix”).

mu-

1. Class 18 noun prefix.

• M. Hannan, S.J. (1984), Standard Shona Dictionary: Revised Edition with Addendum‎^[9], Harare College Press, page x

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

mu-

1. him, her, it; class 1 object concord.

The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

• mo-

mu-

1. heat, fire, emotion
2. relating to a short object in the air

This prefix is used with verbs only.

• m- (before consonants)
• mw- (before vowels)

Inherited from Proto-Sabaki *mu-, from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

In Sabaki, cognate with Ngazidja Comorian m- and Giryama mu-. Other Bantu cognates include Rwanda-Rundi mu- and Zulu mu- ~ m-.

mu- (plural wa-)

1. m class_(I) noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix used before /u/ and /w/

   ‎mu- + ‎-ua (“to kill”) + ‎-ji (nominalizing suffix) → ‎muuaji (“killer”)

Inherited from Proto-Sabaki *mu-, from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

In Sabaki, cognate with Ngazidja Comorian m- and Giryama mu-. Other Bantu cognates include Rwanda-Rundi mu- and Zulu mu- ~ m-.

mu- (plural mi-)

1. m class_(III) noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix used before /u/, /w/, and occasionally /h/

   muhindi ― maize plant

   ‎mu- + ‎-ungana (“to join together”) + ‎-o (nominalizing suffix) → ‎muungano (“union”)

• Appendix:Swahili noun classes

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

mu-

1. you, 2nd person plural subject concord used before /u/ and /w/

   Antonym: hamu-

2. verb-initial form of -mu- (“her, him; 3rd person singular (m class_(I)) object concord used before /u/ and /w/”)

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ́-.

mu-

1. therein, mu class_(XVIII) subject concord used before /u/ and /w/

   Antonym: hamu-

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

mu-

1. him, her, it; class 1 object concord.

The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

mu-

1. Class 3 noun prefix.

• (before vowels) mw-

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

• IPA^(key): /mu-/

mu-

1. you, you all; 2nd person plural subject concord

   ‎mu- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎mukora (“you all do”)

• Kaji, Shigeki (2007), A Rutooro Vocabulary‎^[10], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 413

From Proto-Bantu *jʊ̀-mʊ̀-.

mu-

1. Class 1 noun prefix.

From Proto-Bantu *gʊ́-mʊ̀-.

• m-
• n-

mu-

1. Class 3 noun prefix.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

mu-

1. 2nd person plural subject concord.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-

mu-

1. Class 1 noun prefix.
2. Class 3 noun prefix.
3. Class 18 noun prefix.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ́-

mu-

1. Class 18 subject concord.

• mukaŵa (“there was”)

mu-

1. Class 1 adjective concord.
2. Class 18 adjective concord.

From Proto-Bantu *jʊ̀-mʊ̀-.

mu-

1. Class 1 noun prefix.

From Proto-Bantu *gʊ́-mʊ̀-.

mu-

1. Class 3 noun prefix.

• m-

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀- (“2nd person plural subject concord”).

mu-

1. 2nd person plural subject concord.

• Rev. Alexander Hetherwick, M.A., F.R.G.S. (1902), A Handbook of the Yao Language‎^[11], Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, page 32
• Meredith Sanderson, M.R.C.S., F.R.G.S., F.R.A.I. (1922), A Yao Grammar‎^[12], Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, page 36

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

mu-

1. Class 1 simple noun prefix.

The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

mú-

1. him, her, it; class 1 object concord.

The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

mu-

1. Class 3 simple noun prefix.

The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

• C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “mu-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “mu-”