pa-

From Proto-Albanian *apa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”). Cognate to Messapic [script needed] (apa, “from, out of, by”),[1] Ancient Greek ἀπό (apó, “away, off”), Sanskrit अप (apa).

• IPA^(key): /pa/

pa-

1. A negating prefix; un-, in-

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pà- (“Class 16 noun prefix”).

pa-

1. Class 16 noun prefix.

• Reverend E. Hoch (1998), Bemba - English/English - Bemba‎^[2], Hippocrene Books, pages 212-213

From Proto-Philippine *pa-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pa-, from Proto-Austronesian *pa-.

• (Standard Cebuano) IPA^(key): /pa/ [pɐ]
• Hyphenation: pa-

pa- (Badlit spelling ᜉ)

1. derivational verb-forming prefix
   1. to have the action of the root verb be ordered or requested

      ‎pa- + ‎saylo (“to go past something”) → ‎pasaylo (“to ask forgiveness; to apologize”)

   2. to cause an object to have the qualities of the root adjective
   3. to involve the root noun in performing the action
2. (with root reduplication) used to form verbs pretending that action

   ‎pa- + ‎patay (“dead”) → ‎papatay-patay (“to play dead”)

3. indication of direction

   ‎pa- + ‎ubos (“down”) → ‎paubos (“to lower”)

• John U. Wolff (1972), A dictionary of Cebuano Visayan‎^[3] (overall work in Cebuano and English), Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press

• IPA^(key): /pa/

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pá-

pa-

1. Class 16 subject concord.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pà-

pa-

1. Class 16 noun prefix

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pa-.

• IPA^(key): [pa ]

pa-

1. pseudo-

   Synonym: pseudo-

• pakobylka
• paroží
• patvar

• pa- in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

pa-

1. alternative spelling of pā-

pa-

1. Forms a dynamic verb from the attached stative verb
   1. to have pressure applied; to be modified by force (i.e. by pushing or squeezing)

      paksá, papȟópa, pak'éǧa

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pà- (“Class 16 noun prefix”).

pa-

1. Class 16 noun prefix.

pa-

1. Usually found on verbs (and their derived nouns or adjectives) with the meaning 'under' or 'for a short time' (like Lithuanian pa- or Russian по- (po-)).

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *pa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó (“off, away”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *po (“after, by”); see there for more.^[1]

• IPA^(key): [pɐ-]
• Syllabification: pa-

pa-

1. Comes along with po 'after', e.g. Grybšt pa-grybšt - grybšnis po grybšnio, bearing meanings 'after', 'definite', 'slight':
   1. (with verbs expressing movement) Describes an action's movement under something; under-
   2. (with verbs) Describes a briefly lasting action
   3. (with verbs) Describes an action's smallness
   4. (with verbs) Describes the ability or means to do something
   5. (with verbs) Describes a meaning specific to the verb
   6. (with nouns) Describes a place or thing that is under or near to
   7. (with nouns) Describes approximate time

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pa-, from Proto-Austronesian *pa-.

pa-

1. causative prefix

From Proto-Siouan *pa-. Compare Lakota pa-

pa-

1. Instrumental prefix: by pushing; appears often in verbs relating to use of a cutting instrument.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pà- (“Class 16 noun prefix”).

pa-

1. Class 16 noun prefix.

• Nobuko Yoneda (2006), A Classified Vocabulary of the Matengo Language‎^[4], Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, page xi

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pà- (“Class 16 noun prefix”).

pa-

1. Class 16 noun prefix.

• R.C.Wynne (1980), English-Mbukushu Dictionary‎^[5], Avebury Publishing Company Limited, page xviii

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pa-.

• IPA^(key): /pa/
• Rhymes: -a
• Syllabification: pa-

pa-

1. (not productive or dialectal, Przemyśl) affects the definition in various ways, mostly seen in inherited or borrowed words

   ‎pa- + ‎łęk → ‎pałąk

• “pa-”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎^[6] (in Polish)

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pà- (“Class 16 noun prefix”).

pa-

1. Class 16 noun prefix.

• M. Hannan, S.J. (1984), Standard Shona Dictionary: Revised Edition with Addendum‎^[7], Harare College Press, page x

pa-

1. pseudo-

• “pa-”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2026

• pang-

Perhaps from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pa- (“causative prefix”), from Proto-Austronesian *pa- (“causative prefix”).

pa-

1. noun-forming suffix
   1. noun-forming suffix denoting a tool/instrument

      ‎pa- + ‎ambung → ‎pangambung (“nose”)

   2. noun-forming suffix denoting an actor

      ‎pa- + ‎mayang → ‎pamayang (“fisher”)

   3. noun-forming suffix denoting a patient

      ‎pa- + ‎parin → ‎paparin (“gift”)

2. verb or adjective-forming prefix indicating an action done to another at the same time (reciprocal construction)

   ‎pa- + ‎béntar (“lightning bolt”) → ‎pabéntar (“to disagree with each other”)

   ‎pa- + ‎anggang → ‎paanggang (“to be separated from each other”)

   ‎pa- + ‎amprok → ‎paamprok (“to meet each other”)

   ‎pa- + ‎beulit → ‎pabeulit (“entangled”)

• If the root words are reduplicated, it can convey the sense of competition done to another. For example:^[1]

  ‎pa- + ‎pinter → ‎papinter-pinter (“to engage in a battle of wits”)

  ‎pa- + ‎bisa → ‎pabisa-bisa (“to compete based on skill”)

• Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*pa-”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

• "pa-" in Maman Sumantri; Atjep Djamaludin; Achmad Patoni; R.H. Moch. Koerdie; M.O. Koesman; Epa Sjafei Adisastra. (1985), Kamus Sunda-Indonesia [Sundanese-Indonesian Dictionary] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Department of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

Inherited from Proto-Sabaki *pa-, from Proto-Bantu *pà-.

In Sabaki, cognate with Ngazidja Comorian pva- and Digo pha-. Other Bantu cognates include Rwanda-Rundi ha- and Shona pa-.

• p- (before vowels)

pa-

1. pa class_(XVI) adjective agreement prefix, denoting position at a place

• Appendix:Swahili noun classes

From Proto-Bantu *pá-.

pa-

1. there, pa class_(XVI) subject concord
2. verb-initial form of -pa- (“there, pa class_(XVI) object concord”)

pa-

1. contraction of pa- +‎ -a-, literally “pa class_(XVI) gnomic”

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /pa/ [pɐ]
• Syllabification: pa-

Inherited from Proto-Austronesian *pa- (causative prefix).

pa- (Baybayin spelling ᜉ)

1. adverbial prefix - indicates process of performing the action of the verb

   ‎pa- + ‎punta (“destination”) → ‎papunta (“be coming/ be going/ be arriving/ be on the way”)

   ‎pa- + ‎tapos (“end”) → ‎patapos (“be about to end”)

   Patapos na ang pelikula.

   The movie is about to end.

2. noun prefix - indicates an object that is ordered or requested to be processed according to the root word

   ‎pa- + ‎dala (“carry”) → ‎padala (“remittance/ package [an object that is requested to be brought or sent]”)

   ‎pa- + ‎piging (“a banquet”) → ‎papiging (“a banquet that is organized by someone [usually followed by "ng organization" or "ni name of person"]”)

3. (informal) indication of direction

   Pa-Espanya ako.

   I'm heading for Spain.

pa- (Baybayin spelling ᜉ)

1. (informal) apheretic form of magpa-

   Pagaling ka!

   Get well!

pa- (Baybayin spelling ᜉ)

1. (informal) reduced form of paki-

   Patapon naman 'to sa basurahan.

   Could you please throw this to the trash can?

• “pa-”, in KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino, Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, 2025
• Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*pa-”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

• AP

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pà-

pa-

1. Class 16 noun prefix.

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pá-

pa-

1. Class 16 subject concord.

pa-

1. Used to form the (present infinitive and present tense) passive voice forms of verbs.

   numön (“to count”) → panumön (“to be counted”)