fluctuo

See also: fluctuó and fluctúo

Catalan

Verb

fluctuo

first-person singular present indicative of fluctuar

Latin

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *bʰel-der.

Proto-Indo-European *bʰlewH-der.

Proto-Indo-European *bʰluH-yé-ti?

Latin fluō

Proto-Indo-European *-tus

Proto-Italic *-tus

Latin -tus

Latin flūctus

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂

Proto-Indo-European *-yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti

Proto-Italic *-āō

Latin -ō

Latin flūctuō

From flūctus (“wave”) + -ō.

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈfɫuːk.tu.oː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈfluk.tu.o]

Verb

flūctuō (present infinitive flūctuāre, perfect active flūctuāvī, supine flūctuātum); first conjugation

to surge, swell, undulate
to fluctuate, vacillate
to be restless, figuratively tossed by emotional distress
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 4.531–532:
  [...] ingeminant cūrae, rūrsusque resurgēns / saevit amor, magnōque īrārum fluctuat aestū.
  [Dido’s] cares are redoubled, rising again and again. As her passion rages, she is tossed about by great waves of wrath.
  (Cf. Catullus 64.62: prōspicit et magnīs cūrārum fluctuat undīs.)

Conjugation

Conjugation of flūctuō (first conjugation)

indicative		singular				plural
indicative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	flūctuō	flūctuās		flūctuat	flūctuāmus	flūctuātis		flūctuant
	imperfect	flūctuābam	flūctuābās		flūctuābat	flūctuābāmus	flūctuābātis		flūctuābant
	future	flūctuābō	flūctuābis		flūctuābit	flūctuābimus	flūctuābitis		flūctuābunt
	perfect	flūctuāvī	flūctuāvistī		flūctuāvit	flūctuāvimus	flūctuāvistis		flūctuāvērunt, flūctuāvēre
	pluperfect	flūctuāveram	flūctuāverās		flūctuāverat	flūctuāverāmus	flūctuāverātis		flūctuāverant
	future perfect	flūctuāverō	flūctuāveris		flūctuāverit	flūctuāverimus	flūctuāveritis		flūctuāverint
passive	present	flūctuor	flūctuāris, flūctuāre		flūctuātur	flūctuāmur	flūctuāminī		flūctuantur
	imperfect	flūctuābar	flūctuābāris, flūctuābāre		flūctuābātur	flūctuābāmur	flūctuābāminī		flūctuābantur
	future	flūctuābor	flūctuāberis, flūctuābere		flūctuābitur	flūctuābimur	flūctuābiminī		flūctuābuntur
	perfect	flūctuātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	flūctuātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	flūctuātus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular				plural
subjunctive		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	flūctuem	flūctuēs		flūctuet	flūctuēmus	flūctuētis		flūctuent
	imperfect	flūctuārem	flūctuārēs		flūctuāret	flūctuārēmus	flūctuārētis		flūctuārent
	perfect	flūctuāverim	flūctuāverīs		flūctuāverit	flūctuāverīmus	flūctuāverītis		flūctuāverint
	pluperfect	flūctuāvissem	flūctuāvissēs		flūctuāvisset	flūctuāvissēmus	flūctuāvissētis		flūctuāvissent
passive	present	flūctuer	flūctuēris, flūctuēre		flūctuētur	flūctuēmur	flūctuēminī		flūctuentur
	imperfect	flūctuārer	flūctuārēris, flūctuārēre		flūctuārētur	flūctuārēmur	flūctuārēminī		flūctuārentur
	perfect	flūctuātus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	flūctuātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular				plural
imperative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	—	flūctuā		—	—	flūctuāte		—
active	future	—	flūctuātō		flūctuātō	—	flūctuātōte		flūctuantō
passive	present	—	flūctuāre		—	—	flūctuāminī		—
passive	future	—	flūctuātor		flūctuātor	—	—		flūctuantor
non-finite forms		infinitive				participle
non-finite forms		active		passive		active		passive
present		flūctuāre		flūctuārī		flūctuāns		—
future		flūctuātūrum esse		flūctuātum īrī		flūctuātūrus		flūctuandus
perfect		flūctuāvisse		flūctuātum esse		—		flūctuātus
future perfect		—		flūctuātum fore		—		—
perfect potential		flūctuātūrum fuisse		—		—		—
verbal nouns		gerund					supine
		genitive	dative		accusative	ablative	accusative		ablative
		flūctuandī	flūctuandō		flūctuandum	flūctuandō	flūctuātum		flūctuātū

Derived terms

Descendants

>? Albanian: fluturoj
→ Catalan: fluctuar
→ English: fluctuate
→ French: fluctuer
→ Italian: fluttuare
→ Norwegian Bokmål: fluktuere
→ Portuguese: flutuar
>? Romanian: fluctua, flutura (possibly)
→ Spanish: fluctuar

References

“fluctuo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“fluctuo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
“fluctuo”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
- (ambiguous) driven by the waves: fluctuare or fluctuari