-is

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

-is

1. Used to form the superlative of adjectives and adverbs.

• IPA^(key): [ ɪs]

-is n (noun-forming suffix, indeclinable)

1. indicates a sharp of a note

   Měl zahrát gis, ale omylem zahrál ais.

   (please add an English translation of this usage example)

-is

1. indicates the sharp of a note; ♯

• -es

The Esperanto suffixes -as, -is, -os, -us are related, and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:

This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928)

The vowel of -is is likely cognate with the Latin perfect, as in amavit "s/he had loved", and the corresponding past infinitive amavisse.

-is

1. ending of past tense in verbs, e.g. ami to love, ŝi amis she loved.

• “-is”, in Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto [Complete Illustrated Dictionary of Esperanto], 2020, →ISBN
• “-is”, in Reta Vortaro [Online Dictionary] (in Esperanto), 1997-2026

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) Compare -us and -s.

-is (genitive -ise, partitive -ist)

1. Derives nouns.

   ‎petma (“to con, to trick”) + ‎-is → ‎petis (“conman, trickster, cheat, fraud”)

   ‎näitama (“to show”) + ‎-is → ‎näidis (“sample, specimen”)

2. Derives forms of nouns used in compounds.

   ‎väli (“field, area”) + ‎-is → ‎välis- (“outside”)

   võidma ("to spread", "to anoint") → võidis- in võidisvaal ("sperm whale")

Declension of -is (ÕS type 11/harjutus, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		-is	-ised
accusative	nom.
	gen.	-ise
genitive			-iste
partitive		-ist	-isi
illative		-isse -isesse	-istesse -isisse
inessive		-ises	-istes -isis
elative		-isest	-istest -isist
allative		-isele	-istele -isile
adessive		-isel	-istel -isil
ablative		-iselt	-istelt -isilt
translative		-iseks	-isteks -isiks
terminative		-iseni	-isteni
essive		-isena	-istena
abessive		-iseta	-isteta
comitative		-isega	-istega

Declension of -is (ÕS type 9/katus, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		-is	-ised
accusative	nom.
	gen.	-ise
genitive			-iste
partitive		-ist	-iseid
illative		-isesse	-istesse -iseisse
inessive		-ises	-istes -iseis
elative		-isest	-istest -iseist
allative		-isele	-istele -iseile
adessive		-isel	-istel -iseil
ablative		-iselt	-istelt -iseilt
translative		-iseks	-isteks -iseiks
terminative		-iseni	-isteni
essive		-isena	-istena
abessive		-iseta	-isteta
comitative		-isega	-istega

Probably from Swedish -is and possibly also extracted from slang terms including that suffix.

-is (colloquial)

1. -er, -ie; a suffix used to form nouns and proper nouns from place names, common nouns and adjectives; gives a familiar nuance to the original word; the original word is often truncated in the process.

   ‎kova (“hard, tough”) + ‎-is → ‎kovis (“badass”)

   ‎mestaruus (“championship”) + ‎-is → ‎mestis (“league of champions”)

   ‎paha (“bad”) + ‎-is → ‎pahis (“bad guy”)

   ‎Roihuvuori (a suburb of Helsinki) + ‎-is → ‎Roihis

From German -is.

-is

1. (music) sharp, ♯

   Antonym: -es

   ‎A + ‎-is → ‎Ais (“A sharp”)

   ‎C + ‎-is → ‎Cis (“C sharp”)

   ‎D + ‎-is → ‎Dis (“D sharp”)

   ‎E + ‎-is → ‎Eis (“E sharp”)

   ‎F + ‎-is → ‎Fis (“F sharp”)

   ‎G + ‎-is → ‎Gis (“G sharp”)

   ‎H + ‎-is → ‎His (“B sharp”)

• -isis (“double sharp”)

• -si

• IPA^(key): /i/

• Audio (France (Somain)):

  (file)

Inherited from Latin -iō → *-īō, -is → *-īs (sense 1–2); Latin -īvī, and -īvisti (sense 3–4). In the case of regular -ir verbs (like finir), the first singular present suffix was inherited from Old French -is, from Vulgar Latin *-īscō (cf. -iss-), while other first singular suffixes (also when added to irregular -ir verbs) are added erroneously.

-is (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)

1. forms the first-person singular present indicative of -ir verbs
2. forms the second-person singular present indicative of -ir verbs
3. forms the first-person singular past historic of -ir verbs
4. forms the second-person singular past historic of -ir verbs

-is (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)

1. forms the first-person singular past historic of -re verbs
2. forms the second-person singular past historic of -re verbs

Inherited from Old French -ëiz, from Latin -ātus (past participle ending) + -īcius (adjective-forming suffix).

-is m (noun-forming suffix, invariable)

1. noun-forming suffix, generally found attached to verbs

   ‎chuchoter (“to whisper”) + ‎-is → ‎chuchotis (“murmuring”)

   ‎ébouler (“to crumble; to collapse”) + ‎-is → ‎éboulis (“scree; mass of fallen rocks/earth”)

   ‎dégouler (“to disgust”) + ‎-is → ‎(informal) dégoulis (“vomit”)

-is (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -isse, masculine plural -is, feminine plural -isses)

1. (uncommon) adjective-forming suffix, generally found attached to verbs

   ‎couler (“flow”) + ‎-is → ‎coulis (“flowing; running”) (surface etymology)

• -es, -s, -z

-is

1. Forms causative verbs

   ‎-bìrà (“boil (intransitive)”) + ‎-is → ‎bìrìsà (“to boil (transitive)”)

   ‎-shèkà (“laugh”) + ‎-is → ‎shèkèsà (“to make (someone) laugh”)

   ‎-tàbà (“be happy”) + ‎-is → ‎tàbìsà (“to make happy”)

   ‎-bòmbà (“be wet”) + ‎-is → ‎bòmbèsà (“to wetten”)

   ‎-zyúmà (“be dry”) + ‎-is → ‎zyúmìsà (“to dry”)

• The forms -is and -es are productive; the forms -s and -z are non-productive and change the last consonant of the verb stem to s or z

• Grunnink, Hilda (2022), A Grammar of Fwe, Language Science Press, page 230

Potentially shortened from Diesis.

-is (invariable)

1. (music) sharp, ♯

   Antonym: -es

   ‎A + ‎-is → ‎Ais (“A sharp”)

   ‎C + ‎-is → ‎Cis (“C sharp”)

   ‎D + ‎-is → ‎Dis (“D sharp”)

   ‎E + ‎-is → ‎Eis (“E sharp”)

   ‎F + ‎-is → ‎Fis (“F sharp”)

   ‎G + ‎-is → ‎Gis (“G sharp”)

   ‎H + ‎-is → ‎His (“B sharp”)

• -isis (“double sharp”)

• Norwegian Bokmål: -iss

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

• IPA^(key): [iʃ]
• Rhymes: -iʃ

-is

1. (diminutive suffix) Added to a proper noun to form a shortened diminutive name.

   ‎András (“Andrew”) + ‎-is → ‎Andris (“Andy”)

• -us
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

Borrowed from Esperanto -is, back-formation from -as.

-is

1. desinence of the past tense in verbs

• -as
• -os
• -ar
• -ir
• -or

From Dutch -isch.

-is

1. -ic

   strategis ― strategic

   pragmatis ― pragmatic

2. -ical

   praktis ― practical

   psikologis ― psychological

From Dutch -ist.

-is

1. -ist

   anarkis ― anarchist

   jurnalis ― journalist

• “-is”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

From the dative form of Old Irish -as (“-ish”).

-is f

1. -ish, -ese (used to form language names)

-is

1. inflection of -eas:
   1. vocative/genitive singular
   2. nominative/dative plural

From Proto-Italic *-is, possibly in part from reanalysis of Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂ (originally a suffix used to form feminine nouns). According to Sihler 1995, it is unclear to what extent i-stem adjectives were common in Proto-Indo-European; they are relatively rare in Greek and Indo-Iranian, but may have been lost as a shared innovation of these branches.^[1]

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈɪs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈis]

-is (neuter -e); third-declension two-termination suffix

1. derives compound adjectives with the sense "having (noun)"

   Synonym: -us

   ‎tri- + ‎annus + ‎-is → ‎triennis

   ‎bi- + ‎penna + ‎-is → ‎bipennis

   ‎ē- + ‎norma + ‎-is → ‎ēnormis

   ‎in- + ‎somnus + ‎-is → ‎insomnis

   ‎prō- + ‎clīvus + ‎-is → ‎prōclīvis

   ‎brevi- + ‎tarsus + ‎-is → ‎brevitarsis

Third-declension two-termination adjective.

• → Swedish: -is (learned)
  • → Finnish: -is
  • → Norwegian Bokmål: -is
  • → Norwegian Nynorsk: -is

• “-is” on page 970/3 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek -ῐς (-ĭs).

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈɪs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈis]

-is f (genitive -idis); third declension

1. found in borrowings from Greek, suffixed to the root of masculine nouns, forms feminine nouns of the third declension
   1. (mythology) -id (female equivalent or descendant)
   2. (literature) -id (epic poem)
   3. (astronomy) -id (meteor)

Third-declension noun (Greek-type, normal variant or non-Greek-type).

¹In poetry.

• English: -id
• French: -ide
• Italian: -ide

• “-ide”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012

Declined forms of -us (suffix forming adjectives). Derived from Proto-Italic -ois.

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈiːs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈis]

-īs

1. dative/ablative masculine/feminine/neuter plural of -us

Declined forms of -a (suffix forming masculine agent nouns).

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈiːs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈis]

-īs m

1. dative/ablative plural of -a

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

-is

1. second-person singular present active indicative of -ō (third conjugation)

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

-īs

1. (archaic) second-person singular sigmatic aorist active subjunctive of -ō (third conjugation)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

-is

1. genitive singular of -s

• IPA^(key): [-is]
• Hyphenation: -is

Learned borrowing from Indonesian -is.^[1]

• -ikal
• -ik

-is (Jawi spelling ـيس)

1. -ical; -ic.

   praktis ― practical

   gramatis ― grammatical

• Instances of this suffix are usually found in loanwords borrowed from Indonesian that have a more commonly used English-derived alternative. One example of this is the Malay term for pragmatic which can be expressed with the Indonesian-derived pragmatis that exists alongside the English-derived pragmatik.

Borrowed from English -ist, from Old French -iste and Latin -ista, from Ancient Greek -ιστής (-istḗs), from -ίζω (-ízō, “-ize, -ise”, verbal suffix) +‎ -τής (-tḗs, agent-noun suffix).

-is (Jawi spelling ـيس)

1. -ist.

   anarkis ― anarchist

   sadis ― sadist

Borrowed from Portuguese -ês, from Old Galician-Portuguese -es, from Latin -ēnsis.

-is (Jawi spelling ـيس)

1. -ese.

   Kantonis ― Cantonese

   Portugis ― Portuguese

-is

1. alternative form of -yssh

-is

1. alternative form of -esse

-is

1. (Northern and Early Scots) alternative form of -es.^[1]

From Swedish -is (diminutive suffix), from Latin -is.

• IPA^(key): /ˈɪs/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɪs
• Hyphenation: -is
• Homophone: -iss

-is m (definite singular -isen, indefinite plural -iser, definite plural -isene)

2. Used to form nouns from adjectives, verbs and other nouns

• “-is” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
• “-is” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

• is, si

• -sis

Inherited from Proto-Algonquian *-ehs. Cognate to Ojibwe -s.

• IPA^(key): [-ɪs]

-is (Syllabics -ᐃᐢ)

1. Used to form diminutives: -ie

• Jean L. Okimâsis (2018), Cree: Language of the plains‎^[1], University of Regina Press, →ISBN, page 22

As the second person plural present indicative form in verbs whose roots contain a vowel, from Latin -ītis, second person plural present indicative ending of Latin fourth conjugation verbs. As the second person singular present indicative form in verbs whose roots lack a vowel, from Latin -īs.

-is (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)

1. Used to form the second person plural form of third-conjugation verbs.

If the verb has no vowels in its root, it uses this ending in the second person singular instead, with the second person plural using -ides.

At least since the late 1880s. Originally from the Latin ending -is in words such as basis (“basis”).

• IPA^(key): /-ɪs/
• When combined the stress is always on the first syllable.

-is c or n

1. (colloquial, particularly common in the Stockholm area) Suffix that gives a familiar, and to some extent a diminutive nuance, when combined with a word; common with both nouns and adjectives; commonly used for place names, institutions and persons in their professional role, occasionally clipped: Medis, Frälsis, dagis, vaktis; compare English -y, -ie.

   Är du sotis över att hon träffar sina killkompisar på krogen?

   Are you jealous that she's seeing her male friends at the pub?

   Hämta vaktisen. Någon hade just sönder en fönsterruta.

   Get the janitor. Someone just broke a window.

2. (colloquial) Similar to 1 in ad hoc combinations: pankis, sötis, snuskis; compare -ie.

   Kan vi äta pankisar med sylt och visgrädde idag?

   Can we eat pancakes with jam and whipped cream today?

   Du får inte hoppa över kontroller på orienteringen, din fuskis!

   You can't skip orienteering controls, you cheater ("cheatie")!

• Nouns ending in -is take either common (en) or neuter (ett) gender, often depending on the original word: ett daghem > ett dagis, en loppmarknad > en loppis, en vaktmästare > en vaktis.

• → Finnish: -is
• → Norwegian Bokmål: -is
• → Norwegian Nynorsk: -is