-ed

• -d (now standard only after -e)
• -'d (chiefly poetry)
• -èd (chiefly poetry)

• (in verbs, past participles, and some denominal adjectives):
  • (after a vowel or a voiced consonant other than a /d/) enPR: d, IPA^(key): /d/
  • (after a voiceless consonant other than a /t/) enPR: t, IPA^(key): /t/
  • (after a /d/ or /t/) same as below
• (other denominal adjectives, archaic or poetic elsewhere):
  • (UK) enPR: ĭd, IPA^(key): /ɪd/

    • Audio (Southern England):

      (file)

  • (US) enPR: ĭd, IPA^(key): /ɪd/ or enPR: əd, IPA^(key): /əd/
  • (General Australian) enPR: əd, IPA^(key): /əd/

From Middle English -ed, by apocope from -ede, -eden, from Old English -ode, -odon (class 2 weak past ending). During the Middle English period, this ending absorbed the class 1 weak past endings (-de, -don) through morphological leveling. Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-ōd-, *-ōdēdun. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -ede (“-ed”, first person singular past indicative ending), Low German -de (“-ed”, first and third person singular past indicative ending), Dutch -d (“-ed”), German -t (“-ed”), Swedish -ade (“-ed”), Icelandic -aði (“-ed”).

See -t for the devoiced variant.

-ed

2. Used to form past tenses of (regular) verbs. In linguistics, it is used for the base form of any past form. See -t for a variant.

   ‎live + ‎-ed → ‎lived

   Once upon a time a little princess lived with her mother in a lonely castle.

   Jose phoned five minutes ago.

From Middle English -ed, from the merger of Old English -od (class 2 weak past participle) and -ed (class 1 weak past participle), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz and *-idaz respectively. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -ed.

-ed

2. Used to form past participles of (regular) verbs. See -en and -t for variants.

   ‎point + ‎-ed → ‎pointed

   He has pointed at the dog.

   There's the abandoned mineshaft.

   Refused entry to the club, I walked back home.

From Middle English -ed, from Old English -od (adjective suffix), from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos. While identical in appearance to the past participle of class 2 weak verbs, this suffix was attached directly to nouns without any intervening verb. Cognate with Latin -ātus (whence also a doublet -ate), Proto-Slavic *-atъ.

-ed

2. Used to form possessional adjectives from nouns, in the sense of having the object represented by the noun.

   Antonym: -less

   ‎point + ‎-ed → ‎pointed

   ‎horn + ‎-ed → ‎horned

   ‎hoof + ‎-ed → ‎hooved

   ‎chagrin + ‎-ed → ‎chagrined

4. As an extension of the above, used to form possessional adjectives from adjective-noun pairs.

   ‎red + ‎hair + ‎-ed → ‎red-haired

   ‎left + ‎hand + ‎-ed → ‎left-handed

   ‎two + ‎prong(s) + ‎-ed → ‎two-pronged

• -t
• -ing

• de-, D&E, dE, DE, de, De

Cognate to Cornish -es.

-ed

1. Suffix denoting plural of certain nouns

   ‎kazhez (“female cat”) + ‎-ed → ‎kazhezed (“female cats”)

Borrowed from English -ed (past participle suffix).

-ed (sometimes proscribed)

1. alternative form of -t used in verbs borrowed from English:
   1. To form past participles.

      ‎downloaden + ‎-ed → ‎gedownloaded

   2. (nonstandard) To form the third-person singular.

      ‎bashen + ‎-ed → ‎sie bashed

• IPA^(key): [ɛd]
• Rhymes: -ɛd

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (possessive suffix).

-ed

2. (possessive suffix) your (second-person singular, single possession)

   ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-ed → ‎kerted (“your (singular, informal) garden”)

   Megbízol engem a kerted gondozásával? ― Will you entrust me with the care of your garden?

• (possessive suffix) Variants:

  -d is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  -ad is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -od is added to the other back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -ed is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -öd is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (personal suffix).

-ed

2. (personal suffix) Forms the definite second-person singular indicative present of verbs.

   ‎fest (“to paint”) + ‎-ed → ‎fested (“you paint [him/her/it], you are painting [him/her/it]”)

   Mikor fested a kerítést? ― When do you paint the fence?

• (personal suffix) See harmonic variants in the table below.

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (fraction-forming and verb-forming suffix).

-ed

2. (fraction-forming suffix) -th (added to a cardinal number to form a fraction)

   ‎ezer (“thousand”) + ‎-ed → ‎ezred (“thousandth”)

4. (frequentative verb-forming suffix) Added to a stem to form a verb to indicate repetitive action. No longer productive.

   szenved (“to suffer”)

• (fraction-forming suffix) Variants:

  -d is added to words ending in a vowel

  -ad is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -od is added to some other back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -ed is added to unrounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -öd is added to rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

• (frequentative suffix) Variants:

  -d is found only in a few words as an obscured suffix

  mond (“to say, tell”), kezd (“to begin”)

  -od is added to back-vowel words

  tapod (“to tread on something”)

  -ad is added to back-vowel words

  -ed is added to unrounded front-vowel words

  szenved (“to suffer”)

  -öd is added to rounded front-vowel words

  bököd (“to repeatedly poke at something”)

• Category:Hungarian noun forms
• Category:Hungarian verb forms
• Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

From French -ée, Italian -ata, Spanish -ada, ultimately from Latin -atus.

-ed

1. contents of, -ful.

   ‎manuo (“hand”) + ‎-ed → ‎manuedo (“handful”)

From Old English -ed, -od, the past participle endings of weak verbs. It also frequently functions as a past tense ending via the apocope of -ede (from Old English -ode, the past tense ending of class 2 weak verbs).

-ed

1. Forms the past tense and past participle of weak verbs.

• -et, -it, -t

• English: -ed (past tense)
• English: -ed (past participle)
• Scots: -it, -ed

-ed

1. alternative form of -hede

• “-(e)d, suf.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

• IPA^(key): /ed/

-ed

1. Used to form the past participle of class I weak verbs

   ‎fremman (“to perform”) + ‎-ed → ‎fremed (“performed”)

-ed

1. alternative form of -od

   ‎æppel (“apple”) + ‎-ed → ‎æppled (“apple-shaped”)

• IPA^(key): /eð/

-ed

1. slender form of -ad

From Latin -ēte (second-person plural present active imperative ending of second conjugation verbs).

-ed

1. used to form the informal second-person plural imperative mood of -er verbs

   ‎comer (“to eat”) + ‎-ed → ‎¡Comed! (“Eat!”)

-ed c

Examples
Dals Långed Hamneda Ed

1. (place-names) path between or along water

   Synonym: -eda

• ed (“isthmus”)

From Proto-Brythonic *-hed, from Proto-Celtic *-isetos.

• (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
  • (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

-ed

1. Forms an equative of an adjective of one or two syllables.

   ‎gwan (“weak”) + ‎-ed → ‎gwanned (“as weak”)

   ‎rhad (“cheap”) + ‎-ed → ‎rhated (“as cheap”)

   ‎cynt (“faster, earlier, sooner”) + ‎-ed → ‎cynted (“as fast, as early, as soon”)

Causes fortition of final voiced consonant of adjectival roots.

Reduced form of -fed. Cognate with Cornish -es.

• (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
  • (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

-ed

1. Used to form the ordinal forms of five and six.

   Synonyms: -edd, -fed, -ydd

   ‎pump (“five”) + ‎-ed → ‎pumed (“fifth”)

   ‎chwech (“six”) + ‎-ed → ‎chweched (“sixth”)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tis or Proto-Indo-European *-tus.^[1]

• (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
  • (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

-ed

1. Used to form verbal nouns.

   ‎cerdd- (“to walk”, stem) + ‎-ed → ‎cerdded (“to walk”, verbal noun)

   ‎clyw- (“to hear”, stem) + ‎-ed → ‎clywed (“to hear”, verbal noun)

Cognate with Cornish -es.

• (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
  • (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

-ed

1. Used to form nouns.

   ‎colli (“to lose”) + ‎-ed → ‎colled (“loss”)

   ‎sych (“dry”) + ‎-ed → ‎syched (“thirst”)

   ‎cymuno (“to take communion, to communicate”) + ‎-ed → ‎cymuned (“community”)

• (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
  • (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/, /ai̯d/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

-ed

1. Used to form plural nouns.

   Synonyms: -aid, -aint, -au, -edd, -en, -i, -iadau, -iaid, -iau, -ion, -od, -oedd, -on, -ydd, -yr, -ys

   ‎pryf (“bug, insect”) + ‎-ed → ‎pryfed (“bugs, insects”)

   ‎merch (“girl”) + ‎-ed → ‎merched (“girls”)

-ed is only used in the above two plural forms in Modern Welsh.

• IPA^(key): /ɛd/

-ed

1. (literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative

• IPA^(key): /ɛd/

-ed

1. (literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative

   Synonyms: -pwyd, -wyd

• Rare in Modern Welsh with a few verbs creating an alternative secondary form.

ganwyd, ganed ― was born, one bore

trowyd, troed ― was turned, one turned

cafwyd, caed ― was had, one had

daethpwyd, deuwyd, doed ― one came

R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “-ed”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies