kovati

kovati

Old Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kovati.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): (13th CE) /ˈkoʋaci/
  • IPA(key): (15th CE) /ˈkovaci/

Verb

kovati impf

  1. to forge, to hammer
    kovati zradu ― to prepare a betrayal

Conjugation

Conjugation of kovati (class V)
infinitive supine verbal noun
kovati kovat kovánie
present imperative
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1st person kuju kujevě (-va) kujem (-me/-my) — kujvě (-va) kujme (-my)
2nd person kuješ kujeta kujete kuj kujta kujte
3rd person kuje kujeta kujú kuj kujta kujte
aorist (sigmatic) imperfect
singular dual plural singular dual plural
1st person kovach kovachově (-va) kovachom (-me/-my) kovách, kujiech kováchově, kujiechově (-va) kováchom, kujiechom (-me/-my)
2nd person kova kovasta (-šta) kovaste (-šte) kováše, kujieše kovášta, kujiešta (-sta) kovášte, kujiešte (-ste)
3rd person kova kovasta (-šta) kovachu kováše, kujieše kovášta, kujiešta (-sta) kováchu, kujiechu
l-participle passive participle
singular dual plural singular dual plural
masculine koval kovala kovali kován kována kováni
feminine kovala kovale kovaly kována kováně kovány
neuter kovalo kovale kovala kováno kováně kována
nt-participle s-participle
singular dual plural singular dual plural
masculine kujě kujúce kovav kovavše
feminine kujúci kovavši
neuter kujě, kujúci kovav, kovavši
compound forms
perfect Use the l-participle of kovati and the present tense of the auxiliary verb býti
e.g. koval jest
pluperfect Use the l-participle of kovati and one of the past tenses of the auxiliary verb býti
e.g. koval bě/bieše/by / byl jest koval
future Use the infinitive of kovati and the future tense of býti or less often present tense of the auxiliary verb chtieti or jmieti
e.g. bude/chce/jmá kovati
future perfect Use the l-participle of kovati and the future tense of the auxiliary verb býti
e.g. bude koval
present conditional Use the l-participle of kovati and the perfective aorist tense of the auxiliary verb býti
e.g. koval by
past conditional Use the l-participle of kovati and the perfect tense of the auxiliary verb býti
e.g. byl by koval
passive Use the passive participle of kovati and the appropriate tense of the auxiliary verb býti
e.g. kovánu býti, jest kován, bude kován
continuous Use the nt-participle of kovati and the appropriate tense of the auxiliary verb býti
e.g. jest kujě, bude kujě

Note: This table shows the most common forms of kovati around the 13th/14th century. See also Appendix:Old Czech verbs and Appendix:Old Czech pronunciation.

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Czech: kovat, kout

Further reading

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kovati, analogical form of *kuti. First attested in the 15th century.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /kǒʋati/
  • Hyphenation: ko‧va‧ti

Verb

kòvati impf (Cyrillic spelling ко̀вати)

  1. (transitive) to forge
  2. (transitive) to mint, coin
  3. (transitive) to plot, hatch

Conjugation

Conjugation of kovati
infinitive kovati
present verbal adverb kȕjūći
past verbal adverb —
verbal noun kòvānje
singular plural
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
present kujem kuješ kuje kujemo kujete kuju
future future I kovat ću1
kovaću 		kovat ćeš1
kovaćeš 		kovat će1
kovaće 		kovat ćemo1
kovaćemo 		kovat ćete1
kovaćete 		kovat ćē1
kovaćē
future II bȕdēm kovao2 bȕdēš kovao2 bȕdē kovao2 bȕdēmo kovali2 bȕdēte kovali2 bȕdū kovali2
past perfect kovao sam2 kovao si2 kovao je2 kovali smo2 kovali ste2 kovali su2
pluperfect3 bȉo sam kovao2 bȉo si kovao2 bȉo je kovao2 bíli smo kovali2 bíli ste kovali2 bíli su kovali2
imperfect kovah kovaše kovaše kovasmo kovaste kovahu
conditional conditional I kovao bih2 kovao bi2 kovao bi2 kovali bismo2 kovali biste2 kovali bi2
conditional II4 bȉo bih kovao2 bȉo bi kovao2 bȉo bi kovao2 bíli bismo kovali2 bíli biste kovali2 bíli bi kovali2
imperative — kuj — kujmo kujte —
active past participle kovao m / kovala f / kovalo n kovali m / kovale f / kovala n
passive past participle kovan m / kovana f / kovano n kovani m / kovane f / kovana n

1   Croatian spelling: others omit the infinitive suffix completely and bind the clitic.
2   For masculine nouns; a feminine or neuter agent would use the feminine and neuter gender forms of the active past participle and auxiliary verb, respectively.
3   Often replaced by the past perfect in colloquial speech, i.e. the auxiliary verb biti (“to be”) is routinely dropped.
4   Often replaced by the conditional I in colloquial speech, i.e. the auxiliary verb biti (“to be”) is routinely dropped.
  *Note: The aorist and imperfect were not present in, or have nowadays fallen into disuse in, many dialects and therefore they are routinely replaced by the past perfect in both formal and colloquial speech.

Derived terms

  • iskòvati
  • nakòvati
  • okòvati
  • otkòvati
  • potkòvati
  • prekòvati
  • prikòvati
  • raskòvati
  • skòvati
  • ukòvati
  • zakòvati

Further reading

  • “kovati”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

Slovene

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *kovati, analogical form of *kuti. First attested in the 16th century.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /kɔʋàːti/

Verb

kováti impf

  1. to forge

Conjugation

-ovati -ujem (AP c)
infinitive kováti
1st singular kújem
infinitive kováti kovȁt
supine kovȃt
verbal noun kovȃnje
participle converb
present kujọ̄č kovȃje
past kován —
l-participle masculine feminine neuter
singular kovȃł kovála kovȃlo
dual kovȃla kovȃli kovȃli
plural kovȃli kovȃle kovȃla
present imperative
1st singular kújem —
2nd singular kúješ kūj
3rd singular kúje —
1st dual kújeva kȗjva
2nd dual kújeta kȗjta
3rd dual kújeta —
1st plural kújemo kȗjmo
2nd plural kújete kȗjte
3rd plural kújejo —

Derived terms

Further reading

  • “kovati”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
  • “kovati”, in Termania, Amebis
  • See also the general references
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