enemy
English
Etymology
From Middle English enemy, enemye, enmy, borrowed from Old French enemi, anemi (Modern French ennemi), from Latin inimīcus, from in- (“not”) + amīcus (“friend”). Displaced Middle English fend (“enemy”), from Old English fēond (“enemy”), which survived into Modern English as fiend, but with a different meaning. Doublet of inimic.
Pronunciation
Noun
enemy (plural enemies)
- Someone who is hostile to, feels hatred towards, opposes the interests of, or intends injury to someone else.
- Synonyms: foe, unfriend, adversary, nemesis, backfriend
- Antonyms: ally, friend
under enemy duress
He made a lot of enemies after reducing the working hours in his department.
You may not want any enemies, but sometimes, your enemies choose you.
2008, BioWare, Mass Effect, Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Citadel:Garrus: Fist knows you're coming. We'll have a better chance if we all work together. Wrex: My people have a saying: Seek the enemy of your enemy, and you will find a friend.
2022 March 13, Yevgenia Albats, 10:01 from the start, in Journalist risking jail to report from inside Russia speaks out[1], CNN:I am a known enemy and I cannot say more than I already said. And my books and my articles and my magazine- whatever could happen to the publication has already happened. What else? They can kill me. OK, you know, nobody promised me that I'm going to live forever.
- A hostile force or nation; a fighting member of such a force or nation.
- Synonyms: foe, adversary, nemesis
- Antonyms: ally, friend
Rally together against a common enemy.
- Something harmful or threatening to another
2012 December 26, John Branch, “Snow Fall: The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek”, in The New York Times[2], New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 14 November 2013:The very thing the 16 skiers and snowboarders had sought — fresh, soft snow — instantly became the enemy. Somewhere above, a pristine meadow cracked in the shape of a lightning bolt, slicing a slab nearly 200 feet across and 3 feet deep. Gravity did the rest.
- (attributive) Of, by, relating to, or belonging to an enemy.
The building was destroyed by enemy bombing.
- (video games) A non-player character that tries to harm the player.
- Synonym: mob
2008, “Story Mode”, in Cory in the House: Instruction Booklet, Burbank, California: Disney Interactive Studios; Nintendo, page 8:Use gadgets like Nakishkas to fend off enemies.
Usage notes
- Singular and plural verbs can be used interchangeably when referring to sense 2, e.g. the enemy are retreating vs. the enemy is retreating.
Derived terms
Translations
someone who is hostile to, feels hatred towards, opposes the interests of, or intends injury to someone else
- Abkhaz: аӷа (ağa), (old spelling) аҕа (ağa)
- Afrikaans: vyand
- Alabama: ātikànko
- Albanian: shemër (sq) f, armik (sq) m, anmik m
- Altai:
- Southern Altai: тушман (tušman), јуу (ǰuu)
- Amharic: ጠላት ? (ṭälat)
- Ao: tsükchir (Chungli)
- Apache:
- Western Apache: indaa
- Arabic: عَدُوّ (ar) m (ʕaduww), عَدُوَّة f (ʕaduwwa)
- Egyptian Arabic: عدو m (ʕadu)
- Aramaic:
- Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܕܸܫ̃ܡܸܢ m or f (dižmin), ܒܥܸܠܕܒ݂ܵܒ݂ܵܐ m (bʿildwāwā), ܒܥܸܠܕܒ݂ܵܒ݂ܬܵܐ f (bʿildwāwtā)
- Armenian: թշնամի (hy) (tʻšnami), ոսոխ (hy) (osox)
- Aromanian: dushman m
- Assamese: শত্ৰু (xotru), দুছমন (dusomon)
- Asturian: enemigu m, enemiga f
- Atong (India): bawbyl
- Avar: тушман (tušman)
- Azerbaijani: düşmən (az), yağı
- Baluchi: دژمن (dužman), دشمن (dušman)
- Bangi: monguna
- Bashkir: дошман (doşman)
- Basque: etsai
- Bats: მასთხოვ (mastxov)
- Belarusian: во́раг m (vórah), праці́ўнік m (pracíwnik), праці́ўніца f (pracíwnica)
- Bengali: শত্রু (bn) (śotru), দুশমন (bn) (duśmon)
- Bikol:
- Central Bikol: kaiwal (bcl)
- Breton: enebour (br) m
- Bulgarian: враг (bg) m (vrag), неприя́тел (bg) m (neprijátel), неприя́телка f (neprijátelka), проти́вник (bg) m (protívnik), проти́вница f (protívnica), проти́вничка f (protívnička), душма́нин (bg) m (dušmánin), душма́нка f (dušmánka)
- Burmese: ရန်သူ (my) (ransu), ငြိုးသူရန်ဖက် (ngrui:suranhpak), ရန်ဖက် (ranhpak)
- Buryat: дайсан (dajsan)
- Carpathian Rusyn: во́рог m (vóroh)
- Catalan: enemic (ca) m
- Cebuano: kaaway
- Chechen: мостагӏ (mostağ)
- Cherokee: ᏓᎾᏓᏍᎧᎩ (danadaskagi)
- Chichewa: mdani
- Chinese:
- Cantonese: 敵人 / 敌人 (dik6 jan4), 仇敵 / 仇敌 (sau4 dik6), 敵 / 敌 (dik6)
- Dungan: дижын (diřɨn), дўшыман (dwšɨman)
- Mandarin: 敵人 / 敌人 (zh) (dírén), 仇敵 / 仇敌 (zh) (chóudí), 敵 / 敌 (zh) (dí)
- Chuvash: тӑшман (tăšman)
- Circassian:
- West Circassian: пыи (pəji)
- Comorian:
- Ngazidja Comorian: âdui ?
- Corsican: nemicu
- Crimean Tatar: duşman
- Czech: nepřítel (cs) m, nepřítelkyně f, nepřítelka f
- Dalmatian: nemaic m
- Danish: fjende (da) c
- Dinka: please add this translation if you can
- Dutch: vijand (nl) m, tegenstander (nl) m
- Egyptian: (ḫftj)
- Erzya: ят (jat), душман (dušman), вардо (vardo)
- Esperanto: malamiko
- Estonian: vaenlane (et)
- Even: булэн (ʙulən)
- Evenki: булэн (bulən)
- Faroese: fíggindi m, óvinur m
- Finnish: vihollinen (fi), vainolainen (fi)
- French: ennemi (fr) m, ennemie (fr) f
- Middle French: ennemy m
- Old French: enemi m
- Frisian:
- North Frisian: Fiind c (Sylt)
- Friulian: nimì m, inimì m
- Galician: inimigo (gl) m, inimiga f
- Georgian: მტერი (mṭeri)
- German: Feind (de) m, Feindin (de) f, Gegner (de) m, Gegnerin (de) f
- Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 m (fijands)
- Greek: εχθρός (el) m (echthrós)
- Ancient Greek: ἐχθρός m (ekhthrós)
- Gujarati: દુશ્મન m (duśman), શત્રુ (gu) m (śatru)
- Hausa: maƙiyi
- Hawaiian: hoa paio
- Hebrew: אוֹיֵב (he) m (oyév), שׂוֹנֵא m (soné), צַר (he) m (tzar)
- Hindi: दुश्मन (hi) m (duśman), शत्रु (hi) m (śatru), वैरी (hi) m (vairī), द्वेषी (hi) m (dveṣī), बैरी (hi) m (bairī), विरोधी (hi) m (virodhī), विपक्षी (hi) m (vipakṣī), अरि (hi) m (ari)
- Hmong:
- Central Huishui Hmong: yeeb ncuab
- Hungarian: ellenség (hu)
- Icelandic: óvinur (is) m
- Ido: enemiko (io)
- Indonesian: musuh (id), lawan (id)
- Ingrian: viholain
- Interlingua: inimico
- Irish: namhaid (ga) m
- Italian: nemico (it) m, nemica (it) f
- Japanese: 敵 (ja) (てき, teki, かたき, kataki), 仇敵 (ja) (きゅうてき, kyūteki)
- Javanese: mungsuh (jv)
- Old Javanese: mungsuh
- Jeju: 원쉬 (wonswi)
- Kabyle: acengu m, tacengut f
- Kaitag: душма́н (dušmán)
- Kalmyk: дәәсн (dääsn)
- Kanakanabu: cangiin
- Kannada: ಶತ್ರು (kn) (śatru)
- Karakhanid: يَغىٖ (yaɣï)
- Karelian: vihamies
- Kashubian: warg m, wróg m
- Kazakh: жау (jau), дұшпан (dūşpan), қас (kk) (qas)
- Khmer: សត្រូវ (km) (sattrəw), ខ្មាំង (km) (khmang)
- Korean: 적(敵) (ko) (jeok), 구적(仇敵) (ko) (gujeok), 원수(怨讐) (ko) (wonsu), 원쑤(怨讐) (ko) (wonssu) (North Korea)
- Kumyk: душман (duşman)
- Kurdish:
- Central Kurdish: دوژمن (dujmin)
- Northern Kurdish: dijmin (ku)
- Kyrgyz: жоо (ky) (joo), душман (ky) (duşman), тушман (ky) (tuşman)
- Lao: ສັດຕູ (sat tū)
- Latgalian: īnaidnīks m
- Latin: inimīcus m
- Latvian: ienaidnieks m, ienaidniece f, naidnieks m, naidniece f
- Laz: დუშმენი (duşmeni), დუშმანი (duşmani)
- Lingala: monguna
- Lithuanian: priešas (lt) m, priešė f
- Lombard: nemis (lmo)
- Low German:
- German Low German: Feend m, Feendin f, Fiend m, Fiendin f, Gegensmann m, Gegensfro f
- Lü: ᦶᦉᧆᦏᦜᦴ (ṡaedṫhl̇uu)
- Lutuv: carie
- Luxembourgish: feind ?
- Macedonian: непријател m (neprijatel), непријателка f (neprijatelka), душман m (dušman), душманка f (dušmanka)
- Malagasy: dovy (mg)
- Malay: musuh (ms), lawan (ms), seteru
- Malayalam: ശത്രു (ml) (śatru)
- Maltese: għadu m
- Manx: noid m
- Māori: hoariri
- Marathi: शत्रू (mr) m (śatrū)
- Mari:
- Eastern Mari: тушман (tušman)
- Middle English: enemy, fo, feend
- Moksha: душман (dušman)
- Mongolian:
- Cyrillic: дайсан (mn) (dajsan)
- Mongolian script: ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠰᠤᠨ (dayisun)
- Naga:
- Khiamniungan Naga: sàh
- Navajo: anaʼí
- Neapolitan: nemmìco m
- Nepali: शत्रु (ne) m (śatru), दुश्मन m (duśman)
- Norman: enn'mîn m (Jersey)
- Norwegian:
- Bokmål: fiende (no) m, uvenn m
- Nynorsk: fiende m, uven m, uvenn m
- Occitan: enemic (oc) m
- Old Occitan: enemic m
- Odia: ଶତ୍ରୁ (or) (śatru)
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Cyrillic: врагъ m (vragŭ)
- Glagolitic: ⰲⱃⰰⰳⱏ m (vragŭ)
- Old East Slavic: ворогъ m (vorogŭ)
- Old English: fēond m, hettend m
- Old Norse: fjándi m, fjándmaðr m, óvinr m
- Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰍𐰃 (y¹ǧi /yaɣï/)
- Oromo: diina
- Ossetian: знаг (znag), фыдгул (fydgul)
- Pali: sattu m
- Pannonian Rusyn: ворог m (voroh), нєприятель m (njeprijatelʹ)
- Pashto: دوښمن m (dux̌man), دښمن (ps) m (dox̌man)
- Persian:
- Dari: دُشْمَن (dušman), خَصْم (xasm), عَدُو (adū)
- Iranian Persian: دُشْمَن (došman), خَصْم (xasm), عَدو (adu)
- Plautdietsch: Fient m
- Polish: wróg (pl) m, nieprzyjaciel (pl) m, nieprzyjaciółka f, przeciwnik (pl) m, przeciwniczka (pl) f
- Portuguese: inimigo (pt) m, inimiga (pt) f
- Punjabi: ਦੁਸ਼ਮਣ m (duśmaṇ)
- Quechua: awqa (qu)
- Romagnol: nemìg m
- Romanian: dușman (ro) m, inamic (ro) m, vrăjmaș (ro) m, inamică f
- Russian: враг (ru) m (vrag), проти́вник (ru) m (protívnik), проти́вница (ru) f (protívnica), неприя́тель (ru) m (neprijátelʹ), неприя́тельница (ru) f (neprijátelʹnica), не́друг (ru) m (nédrug), во́рог (ru) m (vórog) (dated or poetic)
- Sami:
- Northern Sami: vašálaš
- Samoan: fili
- Sanskrit: अरि (sa) m (ari), शत्रु (sa) m (śatru), विपक्ष (sa) m (vipakṣa)
- Santali: ᱫᱩᱥᱢᱚᱱ (dusmôn)
- Sardinian: anemigu m
- Savosavo: enemi
- Scottish Gaelic: nàmhaid m, nàmh m
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: нѐпријатељ m, непријатѐљица f, ду̏шман / ду̀шма̄н m, ду̏шманин m
- Latin: nèprijatelj (sh) m, neprijatèljica (sh) f, dȕšman / dùšmān (sh) m, dȕšmanin (sh) m
- Shor: ырчы (ırçı), ӧштӱг (öştüg)
- Sicilian: nimicu (scn) m, nemicu (scn) m
- Sidamo: diina
- Sindhi: دشمن ? (dśm̃)
- Sinhalese: සතුරා (si) ? (saturā)
- Slovak: nepriateľ m, nepriateľkyňa f, nepriateľka f
- Slovene: sovražnik (sl) m, sovražnica f
- Somali: cadow (so)
- Sorbian:
- Lower Sorbian: njepśijaśel m
- Upper Sorbian: njepřećel m, wróh m
- Spanish: enemigo (es) m, enemiga (es) f, tirios y troyanos m pl
- Sundanese: musuh
- Svan: ამახვ (amaxv)
- Swahili: adui (sw) class 5/6
- Swedish: fiende (sv) c
- Tagalog: kaaway
- Tajik: душман (tg) (dušman), адӯ (tg) (adü), аду (tg) (adu), хасм (xasm)
- Tamil: இரிஞன் (ta) (iriñaṉ), சத்துரு (ta) (catturu), சதேரன் (ta) (catēraṉ), தெவ்வன் (ta) (tevvaṉ), பகைவன் (ta) (pakaivaṉ), பொருநன் (ta) (porunaṉ), வேரியன் (ta) (vēriyaṉ)
- Tatar: дошман (tt) (doşman), яу (tt) (yaw)
- Telugu: శత్రువు (te) (śatruvu)
- Thai: ศัตรู (th) (sàt-dtruu)
- Tibetan: དགྲ་བོ (dgra bo)
- Tigrinya: ጻላኢ (ṣalaʾi)
- Tocharian B: sāṃ
- Tok Pisin: birua
- Turkish: düşman (tr), hasım (tr), yağı (tr)
- Ottoman Turkish: دشمن (düşman), یاغی (yağı)
- Turkmen: duşman
- Tuvan: дайзын (dayzın)
- Udi: дуьшмаьн (düšmän)
- Udmurt: тушмон (tušmon)
- Ugaritic: 𐎛𐎁 (ỉb), 𐎌𐎗𐎗 (šrr)
- Ukrainian: во́рог (uk) m (vóroh), проти́вник (uk) m (protývnyk), проти́вниця f (protývnycja), супроти́вник m (suprotývnyk), супроти́вниця f (suprotývnycja), не́друг m (nédruh)
- Unami: shinkalit
- Urdu: دُشْمَن (ur) m (duśman), عَدُو m ('adū)
- Uyghur: دۈشمەن (ug) (düshmen)
- Uzbek: dushman (uz), xasm (uz) (dated or folklore)
- Venetan: nemigo (vec) m, inimigo m
- Vietnamese: kẻ thù (vi), kẻ địch (vi), địch (vi)
- Volapük: neflen (vo)
- Welsh: gelyn (cy) m
- Wolaytta: morkkiya
- Yakut: өстөөх (östööq)
- Yiddish: פֿײַנד m (faynd), שׂונא m (soyne)
- Yoruba: ọ̀tá
- Zazaki: dışmen (diq)
- Zulu: izitha
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a hostile force or nation; a fighting member of such a force or nation
- Arabic: عَدُوّ (ar) m (ʕaduww)
- Aramaic:
- Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܒܥܸܠܕܒ݂ܵܒ݂ܵܐ m (bʿildwāwā)
- Armenian: թշնամի (hy) (tʻšnami)
- Bashkir: дошман (doşman)
- Bengali: শত্রু (bn) (śotru), দুশমন (bn) (duśmon)
- Bikol:
- Central Bikol: kaiwal (bcl)
- Bulgarian: враг (bg) m (vrag), неприя́тел (bg) m (neprijátel), проти́вник (bg) m (protívnik), проти́вница f (protívnica), душма́нин (bg) m (dušmánin)
- Catalan: enemic (ca) m
- Chinese:
- Mandarin: 敵國 / 敌国 (zh) (díguó)
- Cree:
- Plains Cree: ayahciyîniw
- Danish: fjende (da) c
- Finnish: vihollinen (fi)
- Galician: inimigo (gl) m
- German: Feind (de) m
- Hebrew: אויב (he) m (oyév)
- Hindi: दुश्मन (hi) m (duśman), शत्रु (hi) m (śatru), शत्रु सैनिक m (śatru sainik)
- Ingrian: viholain
- Japanese: 敵国 (ja) (てきこく, tekikoku, てっこく, tekkoku)
- Karakhanid: يَغىٖ (yaɣï)
- Kashubian: warg ?
- Korean: 적국(敵國) (ko) (jeokguk)
- Latin: hostis (la) m (a fighting member of a hostile force), hostēs m pl (a hostile force or nation)
- Marathi: शत्रू (mr) m (śatrū)
- Middle English: fo
- Norwegian:
- Bokmål: fiende (no) m
- Nynorsk: fiende m
- Oromo: diina
- Persian: دُشْمَن (fa) (došman)
- Portuguese: inimigo (pt) m
- Romanian: dușman (ro) m
- Russian: враг (ru) m (vrag), проти́вник (ru) m (protívnik), неприя́тель (ru) m (neprijátelʹ)
- Scottish Gaelic: nàmhaid m
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: нѐпријатељ m, непријатѐљица f
- Latin: nèprijatelj (sh) m, neprijatèljica (sh) f
- Spanish: enemigo (es) m, contendiente m or f, rival (es) m or f, adversario (es) m, contrincante (es) m or f
- Swahili: maadui (sw) class 6
- Swedish: fiende (sv) c
- Telugu: శత్రు సైనికుడు (śatru sainikuḍu)
- Turkish: düşman (tr)
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an alliance of hostile forces
of, relating to, or belonging to an enemy
- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked
- Yiddish: (please verify) שׂונא m (soyne)
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See also
Verb
enemy (third-person singular simple present enemies, present participle enemying, simple past and past participle enemied)
- To make an enemy of.
1963, The Castles and the Crown: Spain, 1451-1555, page 51:These prelates and nobles, seeing themselves dispossessed by the death of this king don Alfonso, to whom they had adhered, and enemied with the king don Enrique his brother, whom they had deserted, were in great fear, dreading the indignation of the king, whom by letters and words they had much injured; and they found no other remedy for their defense but to continue the division which they had begun in the realm, raising for queen of it the princess doña Isabel in place of her brother.
2009, Adam Stephen Alber, Greater Than My Thoughts: A Glimpse Of My Soul, page 64:But rather the life He has lived People he met Befriended and enemied
2014, Robert Shanafelt, Nathan W. Pino, Rethinking Serial Murder, Spree Killing, and Atrocities, page 184:Bureaucracy and wider features of a division of labor also facilitates the “othering” and “enemying” associated with systemic violence and makes possible the professionalization of atrocity.
2016, Elif M. Gokcigdem, Fostering Empathy Through Museums, page 45:But these choices came with point values: friending someone who friended you gave each player fifteen points; friending someone who enemied you gave the enemy-er a whopping twenty-five points but lost the friend-er five points; and if both players enemied each other, both got five points.
Anagrams
Middle English
- anemie, elmy, enemi, enemye, enimy, enme, enmie, enmij, enmy, enmye, enmye, enymy
Etymology
Borrowed from Old French enemi, anemi, from Latin inimīcus.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɛnəmiː/, /ˈɛnmiː/
Noun
enemy (plural enemys)
- An enemy, foe, or adversary:
- An opponent of the true religion.
- A hostile combatant.
- (Christianity) The Devil; Satan.
- A malign or hostile force.
- Hostility; enmity.
Descendants
References
Old French
Noun
enemy oblique singular, m (oblique plural enemys, nominative singular enemys, nominative plural enemy)
- alternative form of enemi
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