-end

• -and

From Latin -endus, a gerundive ending, related to -andus.

-end

1. Forming nouns denoting patients or recipients of actions.

   addend, subtrahend, dividend

• (a patient): -and, -ee, -ed

• (antonym(s) of “a patient”): -er, -or, -ing

• DEN, DNE, Den, Den., NDE, NED, Ned, den, edn., ned

From Middle High German -ende, from Old High German -enti, -anti, from Proto-West Germanic *-andī, from Proto-Germanic *-andz (present participle ending). Cognate with Dutch -end, Old English -ende. See English -and, -ing for more.

The gerundive use of the present participle goes back to the dative form of the Middle High German infinitive, which was sometimes enhanced with -d- through interaction with the present participle: ze lesene → ze lesende (“to read”). Placed before the noun, this construction was then reinterpreted as actually involving a participle, which lead to grammatical agreement: das zu lesende Buch, and thus by analogy ein zu lesendes Buch (“a book to [be] read”). Compare the etymologically correct construction in Dutch het/een te lezen boek.

• IPA^(key): /ənt/

• Audio:

  (file)

-end

1. A suffix forming the present participle of German verbs, analogous to English -ing.

   Weinend rief sie bei mir an. ― Crying, she called me [on the telephone].

   Die tanzenden Mädchen sind hübsch. ― The dancing girls are pretty.

   Er inseriert die zu vermietende Wohnung. (Gerundive use, cf. etymology above) ― He places an advert for the flat to be let out.

• When the suffix -heit is added to participles in -end, the d is elided. Compare Abwesenheit, Unwissenheit, Zuvorkommenheit.

From -amod / -emed.^[1][2]

• IPA^(key): [ɛnd]

-end

2. (instantaneous suffix, rare) Added to a stem to form a verb with an instantaneous meaning.

   ör(öm) (“joy”), ör(ül) (“to be glad”) → örvend (“to rejoice at something”)

4. (personal suffix, archaic) Added to a verb to form the future tense.

   Synonyms: majd, fog + infinitive

   te(nni) (“to do or put”) → teend (“s/he will do or put [something]”)

   le(nni) (“to be”) → leend (“s/he will be”)

• (both senses) Variants:

  -and is added to back-vowel verbs

  -end is added to front-vowel verbs

• -endő

-end

1. (especially Norfolk) alternative form of -ynge (present participle)

-end

1. act by thought on
2. perceive by thought
3. feel in the mind

• The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/end-final

• -and, -ynd, -nd

From Proto-West Germanic *-andi, from Proto-Germanic *-andz, taken from the present participle form of verbs. See -ende.

• IPA^(key): /end/

-end

1. suffix denoting the agent of an action; -er

   ‎āgan (“to own”) + ‎-end → ‎āgend (“owner”)

   ‎hǣlan (“to save”) + ‎-end → ‎hǣlend (“savior”)

   ‎lufian (“to love”) + ‎-end → ‎lufiend (“lover”)

   ‎sċildan (“to protect”) + ‎-end → ‎sċildend (“protector”)

   ‎timbran (“to build”) + ‎-end → ‎timbrend (“builder”)

Strong nd-stem:

• -a
• -ere

• -ende

• Middle English: -end