surcharger
English
Etymology
Noun
surcharger (plural surchargers)
- Someone who surcharges.
References
- “surcharger”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
French
Etymology
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒe/
Audio (France (Vosges)): (file) Audio (France (Lyon)): (file) Audio (France (Somain)): (file)
Verb
surcharger
- (transitive) to overcharge
- (transitive) to overload, overburden, overcrowd
- (transitive) to surcharge
Conjugation
This is a regular -er verb, but the stem is written surcharge- before endings that begin with -a- or -o- (to indicate that the -g- is a "soft" /ʒ/ and not a "hard" /ɡ/). This spelling change occurs in all verbs in -ger, such as neiger and manger.
Conjugation of surcharger (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | surcharger | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | surchargeant /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | surchargé /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒe/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | surcharge /syʁ.ʃaʁʒ/ |
surcharges /syʁ.ʃaʁʒ/ |
surcharge /syʁ.ʃaʁʒ/ |
surchargeons /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒɔ̃/ |
surchargez /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒe/ |
surchargent /syʁ.ʃaʁʒ/ |
| imperfect | surchargeais /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒɛ/ |
surchargeais /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒɛ/ |
surchargeait /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒɛ/ |
surchargions /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒjɔ̃/ |
surchargiez /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒje/ |
surchargeaient /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | surchargeai /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒe/ |
surchargeas /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒa/ |
surchargea /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒa/ |
surchargeâmes /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒam/ |
surchargeâtes /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒat/ |
surchargèrent /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒɛʁ/ | |
| future | surchargerai /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒə.ʁe/ |
surchargeras /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒə.ʁa/ |
surchargera /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒə.ʁa/ |
surchargerons /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒə.ʁɔ̃/ |
surchargerez /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒə.ʁe/ |
surchargeront /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒə.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | surchargerais /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒə.ʁɛ/ |
surchargerais /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒə.ʁɛ/ |
surchargerait /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒə.ʁɛ/ |
surchargerions /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
surchargeriez /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒə.ʁje/ |
surchargeraient /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒə.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | surcharge /syʁ.ʃaʁʒ/ |
surcharges /syʁ.ʃaʁʒ/ |
surcharge /syʁ.ʃaʁʒ/ |
surchargions /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒjɔ̃/ |
surchargiez /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒje/ |
surchargent /syʁ.ʃaʁʒ/ |
| imperfect2 | surchargeasse /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒas/ |
surchargeasses /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒas/ |
surchargeât /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒa/ |
surchargeassions /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒa.sjɔ̃/ |
surchargeassiez /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒa.sje/ |
surchargeassent /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | surcharge /syʁ.ʃaʁʒ/ |
— | surchargeons /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒɔ̃/ |
surchargez /syʁ.ʃaʁ.ʒe/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Further reading
- “surcharger”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012