jwr
Egyptian
Pronunciation
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈjaːwaɾ/ → /ˈjaːjaʔ/ → /ˈʔaːʔə/ → /ˈʔoːʔ/
Verb
3-lit.
- (transitive) to conceive (a child), to become pregnant with
- (intransitive) to be conceived (+ n: by (a father))
- (intransitive) to be(come) pregnant (+ m: with (a child))
- (intransitive with n, figuratively, of land) to be made fertile by the flooding of (the Nile)
- (intransitive with m, figuratively, of land) to be(come) full of, to abound with (grain)
Inflection
Conjugation of jwr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jwr, geminated stem: jwrr
| infinitival forms
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imperative
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| infinitive
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negatival complement
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complementary infinitive1
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singular
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plural
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jwr
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jwrw, jwr
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jwrt
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jwr
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jwr
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| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
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| stative stem
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periphrastic imperfective2
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periphrastic prospective2
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jwr
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ḥr jwr
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m jwr
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r jwr
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| suffix conjugation
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| aspect / mood
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active
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passive
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contingent
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| aspect / mood
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active
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passive
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| perfect
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jwr.n
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jwrw, jwr
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consecutive
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jwr.jn
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| terminative
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jwrt
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| perfective3
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jwr
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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obligative1
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jwr.ḫr
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| imperfective
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jwr
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| prospective3
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jwr
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jwrr
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potentialis1
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jwr.kꜣ
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| subjunctive
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jwr
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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| verbal adjectives
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| aspect / mood
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relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
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participles
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| active
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passive
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active
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passive
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| perfect
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jwr.n
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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—
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—
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| perfective
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jwr
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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jwr
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jwr, jwrw5, jwry5
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| imperfective
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jwr, jwry, jwrw5
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active + .tj1, .tw2
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jwr, jwrj6, jwry6
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jwr, jwrw5
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| prospective
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jwr, jwrtj7
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—
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jwrtj4, jwrt4
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1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jwr
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| jwr
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jwj
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jj
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jwr
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jwr
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jwr
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jwr
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jwr
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| [Old Kingdom]
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[Old Kingdom]
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[Old Kingdom]
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[Middle and New Kingdoms]
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[Medical papyri]
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[New Kingdom]
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[New Kingdom]
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[New Kingdom]
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Descendants
- Demotic Egyptian: jwr
- Akhmimic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲟⲩ (ouou), ⲟⲩ (ou), (stative) ⲉⲉⲧ (eet)
- Fayyumic Coptic: ⲱ (ō), (stative) ⲏⲏⲧ (ēēt)
- Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲱ (ō), (stative) ⲉⲉⲧ (eet)
- Old Coptic: ⲱ (ō), ⲟⲩ (ou)
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲱⲱ (ōō), ⲱ (ō), (stative) ⲉⲉⲧ (eet), (stative) ⲉⲧ (et)
References
- “jwr (lemma ID 22930)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
- Erman, Adolf; Grapow, Hermann (1926), Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 56.1–56.7
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962), A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 13
- James P[eter] Allen (2010), Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 36, 240.
- Hoch, James (1997), Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 243
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