calidus

• caldus

From caleō +‎ -idus. Cognate with Umbrian calersu. The origin of the sense “with a white mark on the forehead” is unknown. It may be related to Ancient Greek κηλάς (kēlás, “(female goat) with a mark on [her] forehead”). Philologist Alan Nussbaum proposes that the Latin term may have been borrowed from a South Italian Doric variation, *κᾱλαδ- (*kālad-, “spotted”). Although a Proto-Indo-European root *kel- can be reconstructed, De Vaan rejects this etymology as he regards the shift from *kel- to *kal- as improbable.

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈka.lɪ.dʊs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈkaː.li.dus]

calidus (feminine calida, neuter calidum, comparative calidior, superlative calidissimus); first/second-declension adjective

1. (literary) warm, hot

   Synonyms: (informal) caldus, (archaic) formus

   Antonym: frigidus

2. fiery, fierce, vehement
3. spirited, impassioned
4. rash, eager, inconsiderate
5. (rare) having a white spot on the forehead

• In the sense "hot water", the syncopated form calda is particularly common. Emperor Augustus "corrects [his grandson Gaius Caesar] for saying calidam rather than caldam, not because it's not Latin, but because it's annoying and, as he himself puts it in Greek, περίεργον (períergon, “affected, overdone”)".^[1]
• The form with -i- is completely absent from the surviving fragments of Petronius' Satyricon as inappropriate for representing informal speech, at least in the literal meaning.^[2]

First/second-declension adjective.

• frīgidus, frī̆gdus

(Note: nearly all Romance descendants via the early syncopic form caldus.)

• “calidus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “calidus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "calidus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “calidus”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
• Alan J. Nussbaum (1 January 1999), *Jocidus: an account of the Latin adjectives in -idus‎^[2]