barr

barr

See also: Barr, Bärr, barr-, bàrr, and bárr

English

Etymology 1

From French barrir (“to trumpet; to make the sound of an elephant”), from Old French barrire, from Late Latin barriō, from Latin barrus (“elephant”).

Verb

barr (third-person singular simple present barrs, present participle barring, simple past and past participle barred)

  1. (obsolete) To make the sound of an elephant.
    • 1737, François Rabelais, translated by Thomas Urquhart, The Complete Works of Doctor François Rabelais:
      He gave us also the example of the Philosopher, who, when he thought most seriously to have withdrawn himself unto a solitary Privacy, far from the rufling Clutterments of the tumultuous and confused World, the better to improve his Theory, to contrive, comment, and ratiocinate, was, notwithstanding his uttermost Endeavours to free himself from all untowards Noises, surrounded and environ'd about so with the barking of Curs, howling of Wolves, neighing of Horses, bleating of Sheep, barring of Elephants, hissing of Serpents, braying of Asses, chirping of Grasshoppers, cooing of Turtles […]

Etymology 2

See bar.

Noun

barr (countable and uncountable, plural barrs)

  1. Obsolete spelling of bar.

Verb

barr (third-person singular simple present barrs, present participle barring, simple past and past participle barred)

  1. Obsolete spelling of bar.

Cornish

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From Middle Cornish bar, from Proto-Brythonic *barr, from Proto-Celtic *barros, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰers-. Cognate with Welsh bar.

Noun

barr m (plural barrow)

  1. summit
Derived terms

Etymology 2

Borrowed from English bar.

Noun

barr m (plural barrys)

  1. bar, pub

Mutation

Mutation of barr
radical soft aspirate hard mixed
barr varr unchanged parr farr,
varr*

* after 'th
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Cornish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

  • “barr” in Cornish Dictionary / Gerlyver Kernewek, Akademi Kernewek.

Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse barr, from Proto-Germanic *baraz.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /parː/
  • Rhymes: -arː

Noun

barr n (genitive singular barrs, no plural)

  1. pine needles

Declension

Declension of barr (sg-only neuter)
singular
indefinite definite
nominative barr barrið
accusative barr barrið
dative barri barrinu
genitive barrs barrsins

Derived terms

Irish

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /bˠɑːɾˠ/[1][2], /bˠaːɾˠ/[3]

Etymology 1

From Old Irish barr (“top”),[4] from Proto-Celtic *barros (compare Middle Welsh barr), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰers-.

Noun

barr m (genitive singular bairr or barr, nominative plural barra)

  1. tip, head, point
  2. top; summit
  3. surface
  4. (agriculture) crop, yield
  5. crest (of wavelength)
Declension
Declension of barr (first declension)
bare forms
singular plural
nominative barr barra
vocative a bhairr a bharra
genitive bairr barr
dative barr barra
forms with the definite article
singular plural
nominative an barr na barra
genitive an bhairr na mbarr
dative leis an mbarr
don bharr 		leis na barra
Alternative declension
Declension of barr (fourth declension)
bare forms
singular plural
nominative barr barra
vocative a bharr a bharra
genitive barr barra
dative barr barra
forms with the definite article
singular plural
nominative an barr na barra
genitive an bharr na mbarra
dative leis an mbarr
don bharr 		leis na barra
Derived terms
  • ar barr do ghoib (“on the tip of one’s tongue”)
  • ar barr do theanga
  • ar bharr (“on top of; completely”)
  • bain barr de (“vie with”)
  • barr ar (“in excess of”)
  • barr bua (“supremacy, victory”)
  • barr cátha (“oat-husk tea”)
  • barr láin
  • barr margaidh (“cash crop”)
  • barr taoide (“high tide”)
  • barr- (“topped”)
  • barraicín- (“tiptoe”)
  • barrúil
  • beir barr (“surpass, overcome”)
  • bun agus barr (“the whole essence”)
  • bun barr (“completely”)
  • cé dhá bharr (“why?”)
  • dá bharr (“gained”)
  • dá bharr sin (“consequently”)
  • de bharr (“because of”)
  • de bharr ar (“in addition to; in preference to”)
  • de bharr go (“because”)
  • dul i mbarr (“deprive”)
  • i mbarr d'anama (“with all one’s strength”)
  • i mbarr do chéille (“out of one’s senses”)
  • ó bhun go barr (“completely, from top to bottom”)
  • príomhbharr (“main crop”)
  • tabhair ar barr (“bring up, mention”)
  • tabhair barr (“surpass, excel”)
  • thar barr (“excellent, exceedingly”)
  • thar barr amach (“outright, completely”)
  • uchtbharr (“parapet”)
  • cafarr (“helmet, headpiece; kerchief”)

Verb

barr (present analytic barrann, future analytic barrfaidh, verbal noun barradh, past participle barrtha)

  1. (transitive) to top
Conjugation
Conjugation of barr (first conjugation – A)
indicative singular plural direct relative autonomous
first second third first second third
present barraim barrann tú;
barrair† 		barrann sé, sí barraimid; barrann muid barrann sibh barrann siad;
barraid† 		a bharrann; a bharras barrtar
past bharr mé; bharras bharr tú; bharrais bharr sé, sí bharramar; bharr muid bharr sibh; bharrabhair bharr siad; bharradar a bharr barradh
past habitual bharrainn /
barrainn‡ 		bharrtá /
barrtᇠ		bharradh sé, sí /
barradh sé, sí‡ 		bharraimis; bharradh muid /
barraimis‡; barradh muid‡ 		bharradh sibh /
barradh sibh‡ 		bharraidís; bharradh siad /
barraidís‡; barradh siad‡ 		a bharradh bharrtaí /
barrtaí‡
singular plural direct relative autonomous
first second third first second third
future barrfaidh mé;
barrfad 		barrfaidh tú;
barrfair† 		barrfaidh sé, sí barrfaimid;
barrfaidh muid 		barrfaidh sibh barrfaidh siad;
barrfaid† 		a bharrfaidh; a bharrfas barrfar
conditional bharrfainn /
barrfainn‡ 		bharrfá /
barrfᇠ		bharrfadh sé, sí /
barrfadh sé, sí‡ 		bharrfaimis; bharrfadh muid /
barrfaimis‡; barrfadh muid‡ 		bharrfadh sibh /
barrfadh sibh‡ 		bharrfaidís; bharrfadh siad /
barrfaidís‡; barrfadh siad‡ 		a bharrfadh bharrfaí /
barrfaí‡
subjunctive singular plural direct relative autonomous
first second third first second third
present go mbarra mé;
go mbarrad† 		go mbarra tú;
go mbarrair† 		go mbarra sé, sí go mbarraimid;
go mbarra muid 		go mbarra sibh go mbarra siad;
go mbarraid† 		— go mbarrtar
past dá mbarrainn dá mbarrtá dá mbarradh sé, sí dá mbarraimis;
dá mbarradh muid 		dá mbarradh sibh dá mbarraidís;
dá mbarradh siad 		— dá mbarrtaí
imperative singular plural direct relative autonomous
first second third first second third
— barraim barr barradh sé, sí barraimis barraigí;
barraidh† 		barraidís — barrtar
past participle barrtha
verbal noun barradh

† archaic or dialect form
‡ dependent form

Etymology 2

From Old French barre, barrer. Compare English bar.

Noun

barr m (genitive singular bairr)

  1. bar, hindrance
Declension
Declension of barr (first declension, no plural)
bare forms
singular
nominative barr
vocative a bhairr
genitive bairr
dative barr
forms with the definite article
singular
nominative an barr
genitive an bhairr
dative leis an mbarr
don bharr

Verb

barr (present analytic barrann, future analytic barrfaidh, verbal noun barradh, past participle barrtha)

  1. (transitive) to bar, hinder
Conjugation
Conjugation of barr (first conjugation – A)
indicative singular plural direct relative autonomous
first second third first second third
present barraim barrann tú;
barrair† 		barrann sé, sí barraimid; barrann muid barrann sibh barrann siad;
barraid† 		a bharrann; a bharras barrtar
past bharr mé; bharras bharr tú; bharrais bharr sé, sí bharramar; bharr muid bharr sibh; bharrabhair bharr siad; bharradar a bharr barradh
past habitual bharrainn /
barrainn‡ 		bharrtá /
barrtᇠ		bharradh sé, sí /
barradh sé, sí‡ 		bharraimis; bharradh muid /
barraimis‡; barradh muid‡ 		bharradh sibh /
barradh sibh‡ 		bharraidís; bharradh siad /
barraidís‡; barradh siad‡ 		a bharradh bharrtaí /
barrtaí‡
singular plural direct relative autonomous
first second third first second third
future barrfaidh mé;
barrfad 		barrfaidh tú;
barrfair† 		barrfaidh sé, sí barrfaimid;
barrfaidh muid 		barrfaidh sibh barrfaidh siad;
barrfaid† 		a bharrfaidh; a bharrfas barrfar
conditional bharrfainn /
barrfainn‡ 		bharrfá /
barrfᇠ		bharrfadh sé, sí /
barrfadh sé, sí‡ 		bharrfaimis; bharrfadh muid /
barrfaimis‡; barrfadh muid‡ 		bharrfadh sibh /
barrfadh sibh‡ 		bharrfaidís; bharrfadh siad /
barrfaidís‡; barrfadh siad‡ 		a bharrfadh bharrfaí /
barrfaí‡
subjunctive singular plural direct relative autonomous
first second third first second third
present go mbarra mé;
go mbarrad† 		go mbarra tú;
go mbarrair† 		go mbarra sé, sí go mbarraimid;
go mbarra muid 		go mbarra sibh go mbarra siad;
go mbarraid† 		— go mbarrtar
past dá mbarrainn dá mbarrtá dá mbarradh sé, sí dá mbarraimis;
dá mbarradh muid 		dá mbarradh sibh dá mbarraidís;
dá mbarradh siad 		— dá mbarrtaí
imperative singular plural direct relative autonomous
first second third first second third
— barraim barr barradh sé, sí barraimis barraigí;
barraidh† 		barraidís — barrtar
past participle barrtha
verbal noun barradh

† archaic or dialect form
‡ dependent form

Mutation

Mutated forms of barr
radical lenition eclipsis
barr bharr mbarr

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

  1. ^ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931), Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 101, page 56
  2. ^ Ó Searcaigh, Séamus (1925), Foghraidheacht Ghaedhilge an Tuaiscirt [Pronunciation of Northern Irish]‎[1] (in Irish), Béal Feirste [Belfast]: Brún agus Ó Nualláin [Browne and Nolan], section 9, page 7
  3. ^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906), A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 267, page 95
  4. ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 barr”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Further reading

  • Dinneen, Patrick S. (1927), “bárr”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla [Irish and English Dictionary], 2nd edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 80; reprinted with additions 1996, →ISBN
  • Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “barr”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla [Irish–English Dictionary], Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
  • de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959), “barr”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
  • “barr”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2026

Maltese

Root
b-r-r
3 terms

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /barr/
  • Rhymes: -arr

Etymology 1

Etymology tree
Arabic بَرّ (barr)
Maltese barr

    Inherited from Arabic بَرّ (barr).

    Noun

    barr m

    1. wilderness

    Etymology 2

    Onomatopoeic.

    Verb

    barr (imperfect jborr)

    1. to coo (make a coo sound)
    Conjugation
    Conjugation of barr (Form I)
    positive forms
    singular plural
    1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
    perfect m barrejt barrejt barr barrejna barrejtu barrew
    f barret
    imperfect m nborr tborr jborr nborru tborru jborru
    f tborr
    imperative borr borru
    negative forms
    singular plural
    1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
    perfect m barrejtx barrejtx barrx barrejniex barrejtux barrewx
    f barritx
    imperfect m nborrx tborrx jborrx nborrux tborrux jborrux
    f tborrx
    imperative tborrx tborrux

    Middle English

    Noun

    barr

    1. alternative form of barre

    Middle Welsh

    Etymology

    From Proto-Brythonic *barr, from Proto-Celtic *barros (compare Irish barr), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰers-.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /bar/

    Noun

    barr m (plural barriau)

    1. top
    2. summit, crest

    Descendants

    • Welsh: bar

    Mutation

    Mutated forms of barr
    radical soft nasal aspirate
    barr uarr / varr marr unchanged

    Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Middle Welsh.
    All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

    Old Irish

    Etymology

    From Proto-Celtic *barros (compare Middle Welsh barr), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰers-.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ˈbar/

    Noun

    barr m (genitive bairr)

    1. tip
    2. top

    Declension

    Masculine o-stem
    singular dual plural
    nominative barr barrL bairrL
    vocative bairr barrL barruH
    accusative barrN barrL barruH
    genitive bairrL barr barrN
    dative barrL barraib barraib
    Initial mutations of a following adjective:
    • H = triggers aspiration
    • L = triggers lenition
    • N = triggers nasalization

    Derived terms

    Descendants

    Mutation

    Mutation of barr
    radical lenition nasalization
    barr barr
    pronounced with /β-/    		 mbarr

    Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
    All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

    Further reading

    Old Norse

    Etymology

    From Proto-Germanic *baraz.

    Noun

    barr n

    1. acicular leaves, needles (of the fir or pine)
    2. barley

    Derived terms

    • barraxlaðr (“high-shouldered, with sharp, prominent shoulderbones”)
    • barrhaddaðr (“leafy-haired (used of the earth)”)
    • barrviðr (“pine-forest; the wood of the fir”)

    Descendants

    Further reading

    • Zoëga, Geir T. (1910), “barr”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 42; also available at the Internet Archive

    Romani

    Alternative forms

    Etymology

    Inherited from Sanskrit *वर्त (*varta, “round stone”).[1][2]

    Noun

    barr m (nominative plural barra)

    1. (International Standard) stone,[2][3] rock[3]

    Derived terms

    • barrorro
    • barrutno

    References

    1. ^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “*varta3”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 661
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Boretzky, Norbert; Igla, Birgit (1994), “bař”, in Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum : mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten [Romani-German-English dictionary for the Southern European region] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 22b
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Marcel Courthiade (2009), “o barr, -es- m. -a, -en-”, in Melinda Rézműves, editor, Morri angluni rromane ćhibǎqi evroputni lavustik = Első rromani nyelvű európai szótáram : cigány, magyar, angol, francia, spanyol, német, ukrán, román, horvát, szlovák, görög [My First European-Romani Dictionary: Romani, Hungarian, English, French, Spanish, German, Ukrainian, Romanian, Croatian, Slovak, Greek] (overall work in Hungarian and English), Budapest: Fővárosi Onkormányzat Cigány Ház--Romano Kher, →ISBN, page 75ab

    Swedish

    Etymology

    From Old Norse barr.

    Pronunciation

    • Hyphenation: barr

    Noun

    barr n

    1. needle; leaf of a coniferous tree
      tallbarr
      pine needle
    2. (dated, slang, uncountable) hair

    Declension

    Declension of barr
    nominative genitive
    singular indefinite barr barrs
    definite barret barrets
    plural indefinite barr barrs
    definite barren barrens

    Hyponyms

    See also

    Noun

    barr c

    1. (gymnastics) parallel bars

    Declension

    Declension of barr
    nominative genitive
    singular indefinite barr barrs
    definite barren barrens
    plural indefinite barrar barrars
    definite barrarna barrarnas

    References

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